{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:29:34Z","timestamp":1782923374186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62088102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62088102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62302381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62302381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52441602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52441602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tcsi.2025.3638831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:48:33Z","timestamp":1765478913000},"page":"4124-4137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FP2: A 2-bit Floating-Point Format for Edge-AI Inference and Fine-Tuning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0326-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiwei","family":"Dang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiduo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7331-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gelin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7761-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiwang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3401-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengchen","family":"Zong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2520-3731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-2125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1163-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengju","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Human–Machine Hybrid Augmented Intelligence, the National Engineering Research Center of Visual Information and Applications, and the Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"An image is worth 16\u00d716 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.11929"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Arbitor: A numerically accurate hardware emulation tool for DNN accelerators","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf.","author":"Jiang"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE.2017.7927224"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3079856.3080246"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"FP8 formats for deep learning","author":"Micikevicius","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2209.05433"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"14651","article-title":"FP8 quantization: The power of the exponent","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Kuzmin"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"10271","article-title":"Pushing the limits of narrow precision inferencing at cloud scale with Microsoft floating point","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"33","author":"Rouhani"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HCS61935.2024.10665247"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.emnlp-main.39"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"FP8-LM: Training FP8 large language models","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.18313"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCC62314.2024.00017"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME57554.2024.10688089"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2023.3298882"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2023.3326329"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3427681"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2024.3524307"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC63670.2025.10983180"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/isscc42615.2023.10067837"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2021.3120330"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/isscc49657.2024.10454367"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2023.3338378"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref24","article-title":"BFloat16: The secret to high performance on cloud TPUs","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Google Cloud Blog"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579371.3589351"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2023.3300657"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Microscaling data formats for deep learning","author":"Darvish Rouhani","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.10537"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_32"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Ternary weight networks","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1605.04711"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/DATE58400.2024.10546652"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Additive powers-of-two quantization: An efficient non-uniform discretization for neural networks","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1909.13144"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"BitNet: Scaling 1-bit transformers for large language models","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.11453"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The era of 1-bit LLMs: All large language models are in 1.58 bits","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.17764"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref34","first-page":"84","article-title":"Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images","volume-title":"Commun. ACM","volume":"60","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01167"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"The Llama 3 herd of models","author":"Grattafiori","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.21783"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1472"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"552","article-title":"The Winograd schema challenge","volume-title":"Proc. KR","author":"Levesque"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474381"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"3123","article-title":"BinaryConnect: Training deep neural networks with binary weights during propagations","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Courbariaux"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Binarized neural networks: Training deep neural networks with weights and activations constrained to + or -","author":"Courbariaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1602.02830"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"DoReFa-Net: Training low bitwidth convolutional neural networks with low bitwidth gradients","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1606.06160"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.467"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.1962.5219391"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Rethinking the value of network pruning","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.05270"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20083-0_23"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN52387.2021.9534248"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Zynq Dpu V3.2 Production Guide (PG338)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Designware Library-Datapath and Building Block IP, P-2019.03- DWBB 201903.0","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8919\/11541279\/11297762.pdf?arnumber=11297762","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T20:10:09Z","timestamp":1780431009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11297762\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcsi.2025.3638831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-8328","1558-0806"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-8328","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0806","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}