{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T07:35:55Z","timestamp":1781076955371,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tcss.2021.3120138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T20:36:40Z","timestamp":1635280600000},"page":"1154-1166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Real-Time Text Classification of User-Generated Content on Social Media: Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Rogers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics and the Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0349-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alun","family":"Preece","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics and the Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Innes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crime and Security Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Social Network Penetration Worldwide From 2017 to 2025","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Twitter by the Numbers: Stats, Demographics & Fun Facts"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Media Usage in an Internet Minute as of August 2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2017.2763684"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21248\/jlcl.20.2005.68"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2011.52"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/505282.505283"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116251"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006524209794"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","first-page":"3","article-title":"Supervised machine learning: A review of classification techniques","volume":"160","author":"Kotsiantis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Artif. Intell. Appl. Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"265","article-title":"TensorFlow: A system for large-scale machine learning","volume-title":"Proc. 12th USENIX Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implement. (OSDI)","author":"Abadi"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3454287.3455008"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236386.3241340"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2017.10.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007413511361","article-title":"On the optimality of the simple Bayesian classifier under zero-one loss","volume":"29","author":"Domingos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","first-page":"41","article-title":"A comparison of event models for naive Bayes text classification","volume-title":"Proc. AAAI Workshop Learn. Text Categorization","volume":"752","author":"McCallum"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839519308949993"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022627411411"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009715923555","article-title":"A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition","volume":"2","author":"Burges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data Mining Knowl. Discovery"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25046\/aj020115"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888914000277"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Systematic review in software engineering","author":"Biolchini","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7215"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"ACM Digital Library","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"IEEE Xplore","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref28","volume-title":"Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies (CCSB)","author":"Achilles","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"DBLP Computer Science Bibliography","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"CiteULike","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"Google Scholar","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14542-2"},{"key":"ref33","volume-title":"CiteULike is Closing Down","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-1001"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.1481"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"79","article-title":"What is a word, what is a sentence: Problems of tokenisation","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Comput. Lexicography","author":"Grefenstette"},{"key":"ref38","volume-title":"Snowball: A Language for Stemming Algorithms","author":"Porter","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"133","article-title":"Using TF-IDF to determine word relevance in document queries","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Instructional Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"242","author":"Ramos"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","first-page":"271","article-title":"Comparative study of attribute selection using gain ratio and correlation based feature selection","volume":"2","author":"Karegowda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol. Knowl. Manage."},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","author":"Mikolov","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv:1301.3781"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-31865-1_25"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74690-6_39"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/trit.2018.0012"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2018.00225"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2664551.2664579"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICT-DM.2015.7402058"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2404431"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Talaia: A real time monitor of social media and digital press","author":"Vicente","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.00647"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICITEED.2016.7863251"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31753-3_43"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2018.8622506"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2874032"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2706084"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01078-2_12"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIS.2017.7959984"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2015.7363826"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref58","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Twitter sentiment classification using distant supervision","volume":"1","author":"Go","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stanford"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3200947.3201052"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2842604"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2018.04.011"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2016.0138"},{"key":"ref63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proceedings of the 9th international workshop on semantic evaluation (SemEval 2015)","volume-title":"Proc. 9th Int. Workshop Semantic Eval. (SemEval)","author":"Nakov"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCKE.2017.8167924"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"18","article-title":"Real-time sentiment analysis in social media streams: The 2013 confederation cup case","volume-title":"Proc. BRACIS\/ENIAC","author":"Cavalin"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2808797.2808896"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigDataSecurity-HPSC-IDS.2016.53"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref68","first-page":"3098","article-title":"Real time sentiment analysis of Twitter data using Hadoop","volume":"5","author":"Mane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"312","article-title":"SemEval-2013 task 2: Sentiment analysis in Twitter","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Joint Conf. Lexical Comput. Semantics (SEM)","volume":"2","author":"Nakov"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"1468","article-title":"LyS at CLEF RepLab 2014: Creating the state of the art in author influence ranking and reputation classification on Twitter","volume-title":"Proc. CLEF Working Notes","volume":"1180","author":"Vilares"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11382-1_24"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3102254.3102282"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360825.360855"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref74","first-page":"26","article-title":"SentiWordNet: A high-coverage lexical resource for opinion mining","volume":"17","author":"Esuli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evaluation"},{"issue":"2001","key":"ref75","first-page":"2001","volume-title":"Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count: LIWC 2001","volume":"71","author":"Pennebaker","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"40","article-title":"WordNet affect: An affective extension of WordNet","volume-title":"Proc. LREC","author":"Strapparava"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2043"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-804291-5.00024-6"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1871","article-title":"LIBLINEAR: A library for large linear classification","volume":"9","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.2.270"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Sequential minimal optimization: A fast algorithm for training support vector machines","author":"Platt","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"Reuters Institute Digital News Report","author":"Newman","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1637447"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10502-019-09325-9"},{"key":"ref88","volume-title":"Most Common Languages Used on the Internet as of January 2020, by Share of Internet Users","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTer.2013.6761169"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1083"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Massively multilingual word embeddings","author":"Ammar","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1602.01925"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Integrating social media into a pan-European flood awareness system: A multilingual approach","author":"Lorini","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1904.10876"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.07.010"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2011.1085"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20420\/rlfe.2017.334"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6570650\/9845710\/09585425.pdf?arnumber=9585425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1705013855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9585425\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tcss.2021.3120138","relation":{},"ISSN":["2329-924X","2373-7476"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2329-924X","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-7476","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}