{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T15:50:28Z","timestamp":1778255428072,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Natural Science Fundation","award":["BK20202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20202001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62032010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62032010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072309"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2021.3088661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T19:44:55Z","timestamp":1623440695000},"page":"3200-3217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Taking Care of the Discretization Problem: A Comprehensive Study of the Discretization Problem and a Black-Box Adversarial Attack in Discrete Integer Domain"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0517-7801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4189-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0581-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Vision and Imaging, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"An open, reliable and secure software platform for autonomous driving systems","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"A self-driving technology development company","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"2843","article-title":"Deep neural networks segment neuronal membranes in electron microscopy images","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ciresan"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071516-044442"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.82"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2205597"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00004"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.223"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3065386"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Towards vision-based deep reinforcement learning for robotic motion control","author":"Zhang","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364917710318"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1231"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243813"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RWEEK.2018.8473556"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Advanced evasion attacks and mitigations on practical ML-based phishing website classifiers","author":"Lei","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1014052.1014066"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Intriguing properties of neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Szegedy"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Goodfellow"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140444"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.49"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2016.36"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978392"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.17"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132785"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351251389-8"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Decision-based adversarial attacks: Reliable attacks against black-box machine learning models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Brendel"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Spatially transformed adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Xiao"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Generating natural adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00014"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00175"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"284","article-title":"Synthesizing robust adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Athalye"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140448"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Query-efficient black-box adversarial examples","author":"Ilyas","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053009"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Exploring the space of black-box attacks on deep neural networks","author":"Bhagoji","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301742"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-89960-2_22"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Black-box adversarial attacks with limited queries and information","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Ilyas"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238202"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460319.3464822"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63387-9_5"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14295-6_24"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00058"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01090-4_1"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"10825","article-title":"Fast and effective robustness certification","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Singh"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290354"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Accelerating robustness verification of deep neural networks guided by target labels","author":"Wan","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-020-0546-7"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-81685-8_8"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Deep Learning","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"The MNIST database of handwritten digits","author":"LeCun","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Prior convictions: Black-box adversarial attacks with bandits and priors","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Ilyas"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3321707.3321749"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01258-8_10"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00191"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"MNIST adversarial examples challenge","author":"Lab","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Transferability in machine learning: From phenomena to black-box attacks using adversarial samples","author":"Papernot","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.172"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Evolution strategies as a scalable alternative to reinforcement learning","author":"Salimans","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref67","first-page":"949","article-title":"Natural evolution strategies","volume":"15","author":"Wierstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00021"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2017.0-172"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Delving into transferable adversarial examples and black-box attacks","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2019.2890858"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23115"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3345660"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Adversarial examples that fool detectors","author":"Lu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301962"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Note on attacking object detectors with adversarial stickers","author":"Eykholt","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"Adversarial patch","author":"Brown","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"NO need to worry about adversarial examples in object detection in autonomous vehicles","author":"Lu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"DARTS: Deceiving autonomous cars with toxic signs","author":"Sitawarin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-10925-7_4"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Physical adversarial examples for object detectors","volume-title":"Proc. 12th USENIX Workshop Offensive Technol.","author":"Eykholt"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2484313.2484327"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2014.20"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-66399-9_4"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2017.2700270"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2014.6997494"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Good word attacks on statistical spam filters","volume-title":"Proc. 2nd Conf. Email Anti-Spam","author":"Lowd"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"49","article-title":"Commandersong: A systematic approach for practical adversarial voice recognition","volume-title":"Proc. 27th USENIX Secur. Symp., USENIX Secur.","author":"Yuan"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"513","article-title":"Hidden voice commands","volume-title":"Proc. 25th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Carlini"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Keras","author":"Chollet","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Things you may not know about adversarial example: A black-box adversarial image attack","author":"Duan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.06083"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00957"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Decision boundary analysis of adversarial examples","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"He"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11302"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.282"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238172"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3238147.3238172"},{"key":"ref99","first-page":"2613","article-title":"Measuring neural net robustness with constraints","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. neural. Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Bastani"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63387-9_1"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-68167-2_19"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Evaluating robustness of neural networks with mixed integer programming","volume-title":"Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Tjeng"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/368"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"1599","article-title":"Formal security analysis of neural networks using symbolic intervals","volume-title":"Proc. 27th USENIX Secur. Symp. Secur.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"A dual approach to scalable verification of deep networks","author":"Dvijotham","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2016.7727230"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"A critique of the DEEPSEC platform for security analysis of deep learning models","author":"Carlini","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref108","article-title":"Foolbox: A python toolbox to benchmark the robustness of machine learning models","author":"Rauber","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Accurate, reliable and fast robustness evaluation","author":"Brendel","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00668"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10289"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"Quantifying perceptual distortion of adversarial examples","author":"Jordan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref113","article-title":"Adversarial machine learning at scale","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kurakin"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2018.00009"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00211"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2929047"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11499"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE-NIER.2019.00030"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236024.3264835"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3293882.3330579"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/8858\/9872146\/09453106.pdf?arnumber=9453106","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T22:21:36Z","timestamp":1705011696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9453106\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tdsc.2021.3088661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0018","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2160-9209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}