{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:34:48Z","timestamp":1778693688821,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputy for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education","award":["IFP-22 216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFP-22 216"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2024.3447629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T19:07:54Z","timestamp":1724353674000},"page":"1627-1639","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Robust Encrypted Inference in Deep Learning: A Pathway to Secure Misinformation Detection"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1701-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rana Tallal","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-7601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan","family":"Qayyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Technology University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amer","family":"AlGhadhban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-1029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meshari","family":"Alazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1542-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alzamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Al-Utaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, Engineering, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9466-2475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junaid","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science, Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"On polynomial approximations for privacy-preserving and verifiable ReLU networks","author":"Ali","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2019.2910503"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173950"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASONAM49781.2020.9381360"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjimei.2020.100007"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3085875"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103367"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102791"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00337-8"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813687"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Learning differentially private recurrent language models","author":"McMahan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"1964","article-title":"Label-only membership inference attacks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Choquette-Choo"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"201","article-title":"CryptoNets: Applying neural networks to encrypted data with high throughput and accuracy","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Gilad-Bachrach"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1651","article-title":"{GAZELLE}: A low latency framework for secure neural network inference","volume-title":"Proc. 27th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Juvekar"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"HerBERT: A privacy-preserving natural language processing solution for text classification","author":"Comi","year":"2021","journal-title":""},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Privacy preserving machine translation using homomorphic encryption","author":"Lee","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-018-0401-7"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"SEAL Microsoft (release 3.6)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"809","article-title":"Cheetah: Lean and fast secure {Two-Party} deep neural network inference","volume-title":"Proc. 31st USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Huang"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"2505","article-title":"Delphi: A cryptographic inference service for neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. 29th USENIX Secur. Symp","author":"Srinivasan"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-8615-3"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref23","first-page":"8","article-title":"A review on python programming","volume":"3","author":"Rawat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Eng. Sci. Manage."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICAI.2019.8701341"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"TenSEAL: A library for encrypted tensor operations using homomorphic encryption","author":"Benaissa","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"On the opportunities and risks of foundation models","author":"Bommasani","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"27","article-title":"Classification of encrypted word embeddings using recurrent neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. PrivateNLP, WSDM","author":"Podschwadt"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9781107340756"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"3387","article-title":"Neural networks and rational functions","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Telgarsky"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411501.3419418"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77870-5_22"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2020.106924"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00013"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3394658","article-title":"Homomorphic encryption for machine learning in medicine and bioinformatics","volume":"53","author":"Wood","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-47411-9_29"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2021.3085960"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"493","article-title":"BatchCrypt: Efficient homomorphic encryption for cross-silo federated learning","volume-title":"Proc. {USENIX} Annu. Tech. Conf.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02727-2"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1536414.1536440"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77287-1_2"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2020.24202","article-title":"BLAZE: Blazing fast privacy-preserving machine learning","volume-title":"Proc. Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp.","author":"Patra"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24119","article-title":"Poseidon: Privacy-preserving federated neural network learning","volume-title":"Proc. Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp.","author":"Sav"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133956.3134056"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70694-8_15"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2019.2961325"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IOLTS.2019.8854377"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.103058"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-018-0397-z"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.12"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Somewhat practical fully homomorphic encryption","volume-title":"Cryptol. ePrint Arch.","author":"Fan","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564625.3567973"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2022.3215986"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3203233"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2943127"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-15802-5_20"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0015"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32009-5_38"},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"803","article-title":"Understanding the origins of bias in word embeddings","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Brunet"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icde53745.2022.00077"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306618.3314243"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"6106","article-title":"Poison frogs! Targeted clean-label poisoning attacks on neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Shafahi"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2909068"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"HaS-Nets: A heal and select mechanism to defend DNNs against backdoor attacks for data collection scenarios","author":"Ali","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN48605.2020.9207635"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2021.3056991"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8858\/10925471\/10643678.pdf?arnumber=10643678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1742246459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10643678\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tdsc.2024.3447629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0018","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2160-9209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}