{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T22:15:54Z","timestamp":1766182554847,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3579237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T13:45:59Z","timestamp":1749735959000},"page":"5970-5984","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Poor Sanitization Practices and Questionable Digital Evidence: A Comprehensive Study of Scope and Impact of Recycled NAND Flash Chips"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7309-6440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine","family":"Schneider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thread Detection and Defenses Group, CISPA Helmholtz Center for Information Security, Saarbrücken, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6393-5888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aya","family":"Fukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1560-7559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immanuel","family":"Lautner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5284-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maximilian","family":"Eichhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1390-9198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5430-4331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Scheler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Deuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Law, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8279-8401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Freiling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Haasnoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Henseler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Albstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holger","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Albstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1224-5210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro Systemation (MSAB), Stockholm, Sweden"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"article-title":"In search of lost data: A study of flash sanitization practices","volume-title":"Proc. Digit. Forensics Res. Conf. Europe","author":"Schneider","key":"ref1"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSECP.2003.1176992"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"125","article-title":"Reconstructing people\u2019s lives: A case study in teaching forensic computing","volume-title":"Proc. 4th Int. Conf. IT Incident Manage. IT Forensics","author":"Freiling"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89862-7_21"},{"article-title":"A forensic analysis and comparison of solid state drive data retention with trim enabled file systems","volume-title":"Proc. Australian Digit. Forensics Conf.","author":"Nisbet","key":"ref5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05487-8_8"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diin.2017.01.011"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46279-0_18"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-4460-9"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1206212X.2017.1289689"},{"article-title":"Where did that incriminating evidence come from?","year":"2018","author":"Westman","key":"ref11"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Recycling: R\u00e4tselhafte Daten auf fabrikneuen USB-Sticks","author":"Welchering","year":"2017","journal-title":"FAZ.NET"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"845","article-title":"Economic conditions for formal and informal recycling of e-waste in China","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Electron. Goes Green","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.11.006"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"89","article-title":"Independent detection of recycled flash memory: Challenges and solutions","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Hardware Oriented Secur. Trust","author":"Kumari"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3061639.3062249"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2928493"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"8","article-title":"Reliably erasing data from flash-based solid state drives","volume-title":"Proc. 9th USENIX Conf. File Storage Technol.","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2013.28"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897882"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2991079.2991101"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3338840.3355639"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2958628"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3052353"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3190957"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CCC50068.2020.9189542"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Data recovery from \u201cScrubbed\u201d NAND flash storage: Need for analog sanitization","volume-title":"Proc. 29th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Hasan"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534056.3534941"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"455","article-title":"Data sanitization on eMMCs","volume-title":"Proc. 28th Asia South Pacific Des. Automat. Conf.","author":"Fukami"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0599-3"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2991079.2991101"},{"year":"2007","key":"ref32","article-title":"Embedded Multimediacard (eMMC) eMMC\/Card Product Standard, High Capacity, Including Reliable Write, Boot, and Sleep Modes (MMCA, 4.3)"},{"year":"2015","key":"ref33","article-title":"Embedded Multi-Media Card (eMMC), Electrical Standard (5.1)"},{"year":"2010","key":"ref34","article-title":"Samsung eMMC moviNAND Product family - eMMC Specification compatibility"},{"article-title":"Bericht: Markt f\u00fcr USB-Flash-Speicher w\u00e4chst bei leicht sinkenden Preisen","year":"2012","author":"Parbel","key":"ref35"},{"year":"2012","key":"ref36","article-title":"USB Flash Tracker - Trends for USB Flash Drive Markets"},{"article-title":"A history of flash memory and its rise in the enterprise","year":"2020","author":"Handy","key":"ref39"},{"article-title":"SSD and NAND flash prices will decline through start of 2021","year":"2020","author":"Sliwa","key":"ref40"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref42","article-title":"A global perspective on e-waste recycling","volume-title":"Circular Economy","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IAW.2004.1437829"},{"article-title":"Scalpel: A frugal, high performance file carver","volume-title":"Proc. 2005 Digit. Forensics Res. Workshop","author":"Richard","key":"ref44"},{"year":"2011","key":"ref45","article-title":"U.S. v. Flyer, 633 F.3d 911"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8858\/11242243\/11032166.pdf?arnumber=11032166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T21:00:40Z","timestamp":1763154040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11032166\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3579237","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1545-5971"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1941-0018"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2160-9209"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}}}