{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T14:57:38Z","timestamp":1773413858369,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Key Project of Peng Cheng Laboratory","award":["PCL2024A05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PCL2024A05"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Cybersecurity Research and Development Laboratory at the National University of Singapore"},{"name":"National Cybersecurity Research and Development Programme","award":["NCR25-NCL P3-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCR25-NCL P3-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Dependable and Secure Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3605197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T17:33:00Z","timestamp":1756834380000},"page":"149-163","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["WFCAT: Augmenting Website Fingerprinting With Channel-Wise Attention on Timing Features"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9906-8838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiajun","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of New Networks, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8025-9323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Network Connection Security Department, Zhongguancun Lab, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6154-0233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2072-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhong","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3886-0420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-0866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ee-Chien","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fingerprinting attack on tor anonymity using deep learning","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Asia-Pacific Adv. Netw.","author":"Abe"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM41043.2020.9155465"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3616639"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24067"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2019-0070"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2665943.2665949"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660267.2660362"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2382196.2382260"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2017-0023"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670272"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179464"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA465464"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.28"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"717","article-title":"Zero-delay lightweight defenses against website fingerprinting","volume-title":"Proc. 29th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Gong"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833722"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3327662"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485832.3485891"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1187","article-title":"k-fingerprinting: A robust scalable website fingerprinting technique","volume-title":"Proc. 25th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Hayes"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Gaussian error linear units (GELUs)","author":"Hendrycks","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0019"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2022-0049"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00745"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"448","article-title":"Batch normalization: Accelerating deep network training by reducing internal covariate shift","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Ioffe"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3436818"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3623107"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45744-4_2"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3423351"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006105602530262"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3186743"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"230","article-title":"A system for massively parallel hyperparameter tuning","volume-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Syst.","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796685"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWQoS54832.2022.9812875"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3267323.3268960"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"HTTPOS: Sealing information leaks with browser-side obfuscation of encrypted flows","volume-title":"Proc. 18th Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp.","author":"Luo"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp46215.2023.10179289"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"2705","article-title":"Defeating DNN-Based traffic analysis systems in real-time with blind adversarial perturbations","volume-title":"Proc. 30th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Nasr"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2665943.2665950"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"305","article-title":"GANDaLF: GAN for data-limited fingerprinting","volume-title":"Proc. Privacy Enhancing Technol.","author":"Se"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2016.23477"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2046556.2046570"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Tranco: A research-oriented top sites ranking hardened against manipulation","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Annu. Netw. Distrib. Syst. Secur. Symp.","author":"Victor"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Proposal 329: Traffic splitting","author":"Goulet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tor Project"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Towards effective and efficient padding machines for tor","author":"Pulls","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3039691"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2020-0043"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2018.23105"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3074295"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474369.3486875"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"607","article-title":"Subverting website fingerprinting defenses with robust traffic representation","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Shen"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00247"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243768"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3354217"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410605337-29"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00015"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"143","article-title":"Effective attacks and provable defenses for website fingerprinting","volume-title":"Proc. 23 rd USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517840.2517851"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1375","article-title":"Walkie-Talkie: An efficient defense against passive website fingerprinting attacks","volume-title":"Proc. 26th USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3603165.3607437"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589334.3645575"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/8858\/11354469\/11146805.pdf?arnumber=11146805","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T20:58:00Z","timestamp":1768856280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11146805\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3605197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1545-5971","1941-0018","2160-9209"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1545-5971","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0018","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2160-9209","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}