{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T13:29:00Z","timestamp":1773235740030,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,1]],"date-time":"2013-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/te.2012.2226035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,28]],"date-time":"2012-11-28T19:03:25Z","timestamp":1354129405000},"page":"329-335","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Evaluation of a UML-Based Versus an IEC 61131-3-Based Software Engineering Approach for Teaching PLC Programming"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Birgit","family":"Vogel-Heuser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Obermeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Jobst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"1956","journal-title":"The Classification of Educational Goals Handbook I Cognitive Domain"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142905"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Exploring the educational benefits of introducing aspect-oriented programming into a programming course","author":"boticki","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Educ"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2002.808263"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"32","article-title":"A categorization of novice programmers: A cluster analysis study","author":"lahtinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc 19th Annu Workshop PPIG"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2010.2040477"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPC.2003.1199200"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON.2010.5492535"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2009.2025266"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"472","article-title":"Teaching UML skills to novice programmers using a sample solution based intelligent tutoring system","author":"schramm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 15th Int FLAIRS Conf"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMECH.2010.2073480"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"49","article-title":"A practical guide to testing the understandability of notations","author":"patig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc 5th APCCM"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2007.4282926"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2011.2179301"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/13.728266"},{"key":"ref14","author":"cross","year":"2001","journal-title":"?Computing curriculum 2001 ?"},{"key":"ref15","author":"tucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"?A model curriculum for K?12 computer science Final report of the ACM K?12 Task Force Curriculum Committee ?"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-70536-5.50009-9","author":"curtis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2011.2162070"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(77)90015-9"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"4165","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of PLC programs for small test bed with focus on human issues","author":"lucas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc AAC"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2005.852593"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2012.6315074"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"87","article-title":"Minimally invasive programming courses: Learning OOP with(out) instruction","author":"berges","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc SIGCSE"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jsea.2011.44024"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DepCoS-RELCOMEX.2008.30"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2006.872403"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2004.03.007"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"7866","article-title":"PLC-statecharts: An approach to integrate UML-statecharts in open-loop control engineering?Aspects on behavioral semantics and model-checking","author":"witsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 18th IFAC World Congress"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3182\/20070904-3-KR-2922.00016","article-title":"Combining UML with IEC 61131-3 languages to preserve the usability of graphical notations in the software development of complex automation systems","author":"katzke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc IFAC-HMS"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEC International Standard Programmable Controllers Part 3 Programming Languages"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-007-1127-4"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2106495"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-003-1996-0"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"2711","article-title":"A new approach to evaluate ladder diagrams and Petri nets via the if-then transformation","author":"lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf SMC"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/41.334578"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00766-004-0204-6"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Teaching advanced programming concepts in introductory computing courses: A constructivism based approach","author":"thramboulidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc ICEE"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"11","article-title":"Preparing meta-analysis of metamodel understandability","author":"patig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Workshop ESMD"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"A constructivism-based approach to teach object-oriented programming","volume":"4","author":"thramboulidis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J IEE"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2008.919809"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"31","article-title":"Utilizing LEGO Mindstorms as a teaching platform for industrial automation","author":"oates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of RIE"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Education"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/13\/6572855\/06363495.pdf?arnumber=6363495","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T13:37:03Z","timestamp":1643722623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6363495\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/te.2012.2226035","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9359","1557-9638"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9359","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9638","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]}}}