{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:34:42Z","timestamp":1778693682828,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tem.2021.3080630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T19:56:05Z","timestamp":1624564565000},"page":"979-990","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Cognizance of Green Bond Features Preferential to Renewable Energy Project Financing in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5288-3210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De-Graft","family":"Owusu-Manu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Technology and Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mankata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Technology and Management, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem","family":"El-Gohary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business &amp; Economics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BLSS, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","first-page":"869","article-title":"Evaluation of vehicle lightweighting to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with focus on magnesium substitution","volume":"16","author":"kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Engineering and Technology Journal"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2014.09.008"},{"key":"ref59","author":"kumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Electricity Situation in Ghana Challenges and Opportunities"},{"key":"ref58","author":"kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research and Writing Skills"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/MF-12-2014-0307"},{"key":"ref52","year":"2011","journal-title":"IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation"},{"key":"ref55","author":"kothari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Research Methodology Methods and Techniques"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Greening China's financial markets growing a green bonds market in China: Reducing costs and increasing capacity for green investment while promoting greater transparency and stability in financial markets","author":"kidney","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCRMM.2020010105"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2348-1"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Green bonds benefit companies, investors, and the planet","author":"flammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harvard Bus Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/F-06-2017-0062"},{"key":"ref48","author":"griffith-jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Financing Renewable Energy Developing Countries Mechanisms Responsibilities"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.263511"},{"key":"ref42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Bonds A Fresh Look At Financing Green Projects"},{"key":"ref41","year":"2010","journal-title":"Communication From the Commission Europe 2020 A European Strategy for Smart Sustainable and Inclusive Growth"},{"key":"ref44","author":"capital","year":"2012","journal-title":"Financing low-carbon energy infrastructure Scaling capital mitigating risk for renewable energy deployment"},{"key":"ref43","author":"falsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mobilising debt market for climate change mitigation Experiences from early Green Bonds market"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.007"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"G. Bank of Licensed Banks, Representative Offices & Their Registered Offices in Ghana","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2018.e00015"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"25","article-title":"Finance: Green grows the portfolio: Socially responsible investment can pay off","volume":"95","author":"berson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amer Bar Assoc J"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJHMA-06-2019-0061"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X19000020"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJCRMM.2018010104"},{"key":"ref5","year":"0","journal-title":"Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcorpfin.2018.12.001"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05843-2"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Green bonds a fresh look at financing green projects","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Retrieved from Energy Commission Ghana","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"The greening of the corporate bond market","volume":"44","author":"elliott","year":"2014","journal-title":"S&P Res"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"64662","article-title":"Electric utility generating units: Final rule","volume":"80","year":"2021","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-03-2018-0125"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.10.013"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"E-marketing: Towards a conceptualization of a new marketing philosophy","author":"el-gohary","year":"2010","journal-title":"E-business Issues Challenges and Opportunities for SMEs Driving Competitiveness"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Carbon pollution emission guidelines for existing stationary sources","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana"},{"key":"ref24","author":"dawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Introduction to Research Methods A practical guide for anyone undertaking a research project"},{"key":"ref23","author":"creswell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Research Design Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm13030061"},{"key":"ref25","author":"deloitte","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Overview: The dawn of an age of green bonds","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Companies and investors unlock the potential of the green bond market?","volume":"13","year":"0","journal-title":"Managing Financial Risk"},{"key":"ref21","author":"cochu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Study on the Potential of Green Bond Finance for Resource-Efficient Investments"},{"key":"ref28","author":"edjekumhene","year":"2001","journal-title":"Power Sector Reform in Ghana The Untold Story"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Why Africa needs green bonds","volume":"7","author":"duru","year":"2016","journal-title":"Africa Economic Brief"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"186","article-title":"Construction plant and equipment management research: Thematic review","volume":"7","author":"edwards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Engineering and Technology Journal"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"China's national carbon market to start in 2016-Official","author":"chen","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1541-x"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"371","article-title":"Challenges and policy implications for marketing green bonds","author":"chugan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Consumer Behaviour & Contemporary Marketing Strategy"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2131"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Green Bonds","author":"salman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exchanges"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"169","article-title":"Mobilising finance for renewable energies","author":"sonntag-o'brien","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Renewable Energy Conf"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X1000001X"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.03.022"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Legal considerations for a skyrocketing green bond market","volume":"31","author":"breen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Resour Environ"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"What does green really mean: How increased transparency and standardization can grow the green bond market","volume":"28","author":"talbot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Villanova Law Environ J"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"First green bond from Kenya: Acorn USD40m&#x2014;Climate Bonds certified","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"44","article-title":"Climate finance: Capitalising on green investment trends","volume":"44","author":"clapp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Way Forward Int Climate Policy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2012.08.035"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Scaling up green bond markets for sustainable development: A strategic guide for the public sector to stimulate private sector market development for green bonds","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.112"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1514-0"},{"key":"ref95","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobilising finance for renewable energies","author":"sonntag-o'brien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Secretariat Int Conf Renewable Energies"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"790","article-title":"Common procedures for development, validity and reliability of a questionnaire","volume":"5","author":"singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Economics Commerce and Management"},{"key":"ref91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Beyond transparency: Unlocking the full potential of green bonds","author":"shishlov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inst Climate Econ"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rsp3.12090"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.004"},{"key":"ref86","article-title":"Green municipal bonds","volume":"5","author":"saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leaders"},{"key":"ref85","author":"ross","year":"2015","journal-title":"Green Bond Drivers"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2112"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Green bonds as an instrument to finance low carbon transition","author":"sartzetakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Change Restruct"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2019.104629"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/ijom.2013100101"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18307"},{"key":"ref83","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renewables 2013 Glob Status Rep Paris REN21 Secretariat"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"PBL&#x2014;Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Trends Glob","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref79","author":"park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypothesis Testing and Statistical Power of a Test"},{"key":"ref108","author":"walliman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Basic Research Methods"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"97","article-title":"Green bond a socially responsible investment (SRI) instrument","volume":"43","author":"panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Res Bull"},{"key":"ref109","article-title":"Financing green: Reforming green bond regulation in the United States","volume":"12","author":"wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brooklyn Journal of Corporate Financial & Commercial Law"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410616"},{"key":"ref107","article-title":"AFRICA&#x2014;Ghana Power fact sheet","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"985","article-title":"An assessment of mortgage loan default propensity in Ghana","volume":"17","author":"owusu-manu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Engineering and Technology Journal"},{"key":"ref104","year":"2018","journal-title":"Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment"},{"key":"ref74","author":"owens","year":"2002","journal-title":"Introduction to Survey Research Design"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Paris agreement (FCCC\/CP2015\/L.9\/Rev.1, 12), UNFCCC","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JFMPC-03-2020-0014"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"Derisking Renewable Energy Investment. A Framework to Support Policymakers in Selecting Public Instruments to Promote Renewable Energy Investment in Developing Countries","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Barriers of project bond initiatives in infrastructure financing in Ghana","author":"owusu-manu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Construction Ind Fourth Ind Revolution Proc 11th Construction Ind Develop Board Postgraduate Res Conf"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Financing renewable energy in developing countries&#x2014;United Nations environment programme finance initiative","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref2","author":"aghimien","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation of the Challenges of Smart City Development in Developing Countries"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Understanding the African green bond market","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref71","volume":"496","author":"noru\u0161is","year":"2012","journal-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics 19 Statistical Procedures Companion"},{"key":"ref111","year":"2021","journal-title":"Access to Electricity (% Popul )&#x2014;Sub-Saharan Afr"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.015"},{"key":"ref112","article-title":"5 things to know about green bonds","author":"zachariah","year":"2016","journal-title":"ET Bur"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscm.2020.e00439"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/fire.12025"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"83","article-title":"Green bonds as an innovative sovereign financial instrument","volume":"18","author":"wi?niewski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ekonomia i Prawo Econ Law"},{"key":"ref68","year":"2018","journal-title":"2017 Annu Rep Financial Statements"},{"key":"ref67","author":"moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Basic Practice of Statistics"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b406854h"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SASBE-02-2020-0016"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20430795.2020.1803640"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1556363"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20430795.2020.1724864"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-010-0631-x"},{"key":"ref66","author":"milford","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clean energy finance through bond market"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11236881"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/259398"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Financing renewable energy projects in Asia: barriers and solutions","volume":"1","author":"curnow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renewable Energy L & Pol&#x2019;y Rev"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Green bonds&#x2014;A change preferences toward green investments?","author":"langhelle","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm13090193"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1540496X.2018.1548350"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/17\/10042151\/09464162.pdf?arnumber=9464162","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1677523608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9464162\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tem.2021.3080630","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9391","1558-0040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9391","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0040","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}}}