{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T03:37:11Z","timestamp":1778211431801,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSFC\/Research Grants Council (RGC) Joint Research Scheme","award":["N_HKBU214\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N_HKBU214\/21"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund of RGC","award":["12202622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12202622"]}]},{"name":"General Research Fund of RGC","award":["12201323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12201323"]}]},{"name":"RGC Senior Research Fellow Scheme","award":["SRFS2324-2S02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRFS2324-2S02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-FNRA-IG\/23-24\/SCI\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-FNRA-IG\/23-24\/SCI\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62172110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62172110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515010196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515010196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Hong Kong Scholars Program 2022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Evol. Computat."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tevc.2025.3538611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T18:36:07Z","timestamp":1738694167000},"page":"474-489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["MOTEA-II: A Collaborative Multiobjective Transformation-Based Evolutionary Algorithm for Bilevel Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1423-3481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7629-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiu-Ming","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-1938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai-Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3433-6934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutao","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.21.1.37"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2550609"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i12.17262"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fss.2021.02.021"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109151"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102814"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0913069"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191670"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/21.101139"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10589-005-4612-4"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Nested evolutionary algorithms for solving a bilevel warehouse location problem that considers inventory decisions","author":"Camacho-Vallejo","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cec60901.2024.10611763"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2024.3359265"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2017.2712906"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2023.106410"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2008.05.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/430243","article-title":"Solving the bilevel facility location problem under preferences by a Stackelberg-evolutionary algorithm","volume":"2014","author":"Camacho-Vallejo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2020.105066"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"827","article-title":"A bilevel maximal covering location problem","volume":"20","author":"Casas-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.1100.0430"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/EVCO_a_00116"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-03888-6","article-title":"A nested particle swarm algorithm based on sphere mutation to solve bilevel optimization","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"322","article-title":"Bilevel optimization using genetic algorithm","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE ICAIS","author":"Oduguwa"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1","article-title":"COBRA: A cooperative coevolutionary algorithm for bilevel optimization","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE CEC","author":"Legillon"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04337-0","article-title":"A co-evolutionary hybrid decomposition-based algorithm for bilevel combinatorial optimization problems","volume":"24","author":"Chaabani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-017-1115-9"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2014.6900391"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CEC.2016.7744017"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10732-019-09426-9"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2020.3039067"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1635","article-title":"Comparing expected improvement and Kriging believer for expensive bilevel optimization","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE CEC","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2017.2670659"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3061551"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2021.3120111"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.swevo.2019.05.002"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2023.3309598"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-016-0011-y","article-title":"Evolutionary multitasking in bilevel optimization","volume":"1","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Complex Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2018.2849000"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2020.2987804"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2022.3154057"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2021.3095313"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2022.3233409"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2023.3236455"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"Nonlinear Multiobjective Optimization","author":"Miettinen","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCI.2019.2937612"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2007.892759"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2013.2281533"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/106365601750190398"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2011.03.001"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-7825(99)00389-8","article-title":"An efficient constraint handling method for genetic algorithms","volume":"186","author":"Deb","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.08.027"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icec.1996.542381"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2024.112079"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2015.2443057"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10107-008-0259-0"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/4235\/10947080\/10870353.pdf?arnumber=10870353","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:15:48Z","timestamp":1743639348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10870353\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tevc.2025.3538611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1089-778X","1089-778X","1941-0026"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1089-778X","type":"print"},{"value":"1089-778X","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0026","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}