{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T17:45:45Z","timestamp":1772300745618,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"DOE-National Energy Technology Laboratory","award":["DE-OE0000825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-OE0000825"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000904","name":"Bradley Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tgrs.2018.2853046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T18:32:20Z","timestamp":1533234740000},"page":"212-223","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Geometric Modeling of the Z-Surface and Z-Curve of GNSS Signals and Their Solution Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9186-8993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colton","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1330-5092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyh-Charn","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comgeo.2006.11.008"},{"key":"ref38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Computational Geometry Algorithms Library"},{"key":"ref33","author":"hilbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geometry and the Imagination"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-006-0038-4"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"56","article-title":"Assessing the spoofing threat: Development of a portable GPS civilian spoofer","volume":"55","author":"humphreys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of ION GNSS I8th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"19","article-title":"A simple demonstration that the Global Positioning System (GPS) is vulnerable to spoofing","volume":"25","author":"warner","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Security Admin"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2018","journal-title":"OpenGL Graphical Library"},{"key":"ref36","year":"2016","journal-title":"igs net"},{"key":"ref35","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS)"},{"key":"ref34","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wikipedia Contributors &#x2018;Latitude&#x2019; Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44860-8_93"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gmip.1995.1006"},{"key":"ref29","author":"mehlhorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lecture 21&#x2014;Surfaces"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"3370","article-title":"Order of Pseudoranges (OOP) of GNSS: Spatial modeling and analysis","author":"fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2017","journal-title":"U S National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning Navigation and Timing"},{"key":"ref20","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wikipedia Contributors Digital elevation model Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2008","journal-title":"GPS Performance Standards & Specifications"},{"key":"ref21","author":"weisstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"[Online]"},{"key":"ref24","author":"hoschek","year":"1993","journal-title":"Fundamentals of Computer Aided Geometric Design"},{"key":"ref23","author":"yefimov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quadratic Forms and Matrices An Introductory Approach"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8396(88)90010-6"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/360349.360355"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2013.6575420"},{"key":"ref51","year":"2018","journal-title":"A SpaceX Rocket Blows a Hole in the Atmosphere"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02521844"},{"key":"ref11","author":"kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Understanding GPS Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref40","author":"bensky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wireless Positioning Technologies and Applications"},{"key":"ref12","author":"misra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Global Positioning System Signals Measurements and Performance"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2014","journal-title":"IS-GPS-200D NAVSTAR GPS Space Segment\/Navigation User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref14","volume":"1","author":"parkinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"GPS Theory and Applications"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.123"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"2503","article-title":"The GPS space service volume","author":"bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110200089"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reference Ellipsoid Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref19","author":"maling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Coordinate Systems and Map Projections"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-003-0065-3"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-4296.2011.tb01789.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2010.5507319"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0390-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.1987.310829"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"312","article-title":"Statistical characterization of GPS signal-in-space errors","author":"heng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Inst Navigat (ION ITM)"},{"key":"ref49","year":"2018","journal-title":"&#x2018;Quartic GitHub Repository"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC074i018p04487"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-0813-7_5"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4485(98)00078-5"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8396(03)00081-5"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/777792.777830"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7.102710"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236915"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1065514021000012129"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2010.5653789"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielaam\/36\/8587258\/8424440-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/36\/8587258\/08424440.pdf?arnumber=8424440","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T20:48:39Z","timestamp":1657745319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8424440\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tgrs.2018.2853046","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-2892","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}