{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T15:09:03Z","timestamp":1774451343917,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871364"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41571397"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41571397"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tgrs.2021.3051641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T20:37:32Z","timestamp":1611866252000},"page":"7419-7433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["An Empirical Study of Adversarial Examples on Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4761-5913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"}]},{"given":"Zewei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2801-8512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1820-4015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5848-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaowen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2015.11.014"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-1-141-2018"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2685945"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.49"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Adversarial examples in the physical world","author":"kurakin","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1607 02533"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","author":"goodfellow","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1412 6572"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.321859"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2019.2918242"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2675998"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869790.1869829"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-29908-8_4"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.634"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01246-5_2"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.09.019"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/cir1455"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2927376"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Adversarial example in remote sensing image recognition","author":"chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1910 13222"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2999962"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1409 1556"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"4278","article-title":"Inception-v4, inception-resnet and the impact of residual connections on learning","author":"szegedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 31st AAAI Conf Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00296-0_5"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Synthesizing robust adversarial examples","author":"athalye","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1707 07397"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Interpreting adversarial examples with attributes","author":"gulshad","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1904 08279"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Countering adversarial images using input transformations","author":"guo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Conf Learn Represent (ICLR)"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2016.41"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140448"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Ensemble adversarial training: Attacks and defenses","author":"tram\u00e8r","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Conf Learn Represent (ICLR)"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Adversarial machine learning at scale","author":"kurakin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Learn Represent (ICLR)"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00023"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3011639"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.03.015"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060658"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1810 04805"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060631"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2018.08.005"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2018.2890023"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2018.2886017"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Adversarial examples are not bugs, they are features","author":"ilyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 02175"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Imperceptible, robust, and targeted adversarial examples for automatic speech recognition","author":"qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1903 10346"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01258-8_39"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Intriguing properties of neural networks","author":"szegedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv 1312 6199"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2017.2762307"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.04.015"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"lecun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"More diverse means better: Multimodal deep learning meets remote-sensing imagery classification","author":"hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MGRS.2020.2979764"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3015157"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"10","article-title":"EAD: Elastic-net attacks to deep neural networks via adversarial examples","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc 32nd AAAI Conf Artif Intell (AAAI) 30th Innov Appl Artif Intell (IAAI) 8th AAAI Symp Educ Adv Artif Intell (EAAI)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11091051"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Foolbox: A Python toolbox to benchmark the robustness of machine learning models","author":"rauber","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1707 04131"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2933524"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3128572.3140444"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.282"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298594"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.014"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Neural architecture search: A survey","author":"elsken","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1808 05377"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.308"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/36\/9524310\/09339955.pdf?arnumber=9339955","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T17:36:18Z","timestamp":1742319378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9339955\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tgrs.2021.3051641","relation":{},"ISSN":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0196-2892","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0644","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}