{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1778154204065,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,1]],"date-time":"2014-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/OAPA.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/thms.2014.2340578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,12]],"date-time":"2014-08-12T18:43:02Z","timestamp":1407868982000},"page":"701-716","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Recent Advances on Singlemodal and Multimodal Face Recognition: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Hailing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ajmal","family":"Mian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Creighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mo","family":"Hossny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Nahavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.48"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.235"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.107"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2005.1530213"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"328","article-title":"3D face recognition by point signatures and iso-contours","author":"mpiperis","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Signal Process Pattern Recog Appl"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2000.840640","article-title":"3D human face recognition using point signature","author":"chua","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Automat Face Gesture Recog"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.07.009"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.490"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Curvature-based human face recognition using depth-weighted Hausdorff distance","author":"lee","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Image Process"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Face recognition using 3D surface-extracted descriptors","author":"moreno","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Irish Mach Vis Image Process Conf"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"843","article-title":"Automatic 3D reconstruction for face recognition","author":"hu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"139","article-title":"Face recognition with 3D model-based synthesis","author":"lu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Biometric Authentication"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2183882","article-title":"Three-dimensional face reconstruction from a single image by a coupled RBF network","volume":"21","author":"song","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Tran Image Process"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1273927"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.15"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2002.1000134","article-title":"Face recognition with radial basis function neural networks","volume":"13","author":"er","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw"},{"key":"ref24","year":"0"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1227983"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2004.09.004"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.150"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1105"},{"key":"ref25","year":"0"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"149","article-title":"3D face recognition method using 2DPCA Eucilidean distance classification","volume":"3","author":"taghizadegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACEEE Int J Control Syst Instrum"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2004.1334127"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2222897"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.200"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-008-0174-0"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.884940"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-1085-y"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Deformation modeling for robust 3D face matching","author":"lu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.37"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.573"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.43"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"342","article-title":"Depth versus intensity: Which is more important for face recognition?","volume":"4","author":"xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2006.12.018"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"603","article-title":"3D face recognition by local shape difference boosting","author":"wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1017"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2006.01.017"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2005.07.023"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2004.04.001"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-3142(03)00075-4"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2004.1419769"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Fusion of summation invariants in 3D human face recognition","volume":"2","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.13"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Principal component analysis of range images for facial recognition","author":"hesher","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Imag Sci Syst Technol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2007.916287"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.210"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"205","article-title":"Summation invariant and its applications to shape recognition","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Acoust Speech Signal Process"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2012.06.023"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2008.4813408"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2206807"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2007.908865"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2011.2174221"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"66","article-title":"Probabilistic Bayesian framework for infrared face recognition","author":"akhloufi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Vis Image Process Pattern Anal"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.19.24"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.415"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2191773","article-title":"Subject-specific and pose-oriented facial features for face recognition across poses","volume":"42","author":"lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2006.313118"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.343"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1007"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"320","article-title":"Infrared face recognition by using blood perfusion data","author":"wu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Audio Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"66","article-title":"Spectral probability models for IR images with applications to IR face recognition","author":"srivastava","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Workshop Comput Vis Beyond Visible Spectrum Methods Appl"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"160","article-title":"Infrared face recognition using distance transform","volume":"30","author":"akhloufi","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2012.2207729"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007981719186"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1991.139758"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1992.223253"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.268"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2004.1261097"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D face recognition using mapped depth images","author":"pan","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog Workshops"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"1","article-title":"3D face recognition by ICP-based shape matching","author":"amor","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Intell Mach"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598228"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2005.05.005"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2001.990519"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Facial recognition technology: A survey of policy and implementation issues","author":"introna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dept Org Work Technol"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIF.2006.301735"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2011.2165218"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2006.01.017"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2004.840714"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1117\/12.543549","article-title":"Infrared and visible image fusion for face recognition","volume":"5404","author":"singh","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2162585"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIAS.2010.5604191"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"344","article-title":"2D and 3D multimodal hybrid face recognition","author":"mian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2006.205080","article-title":"fusion of thermal and visual images for efficient face recognition using gabor filter","author":"ahmad","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications 2006"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(02)00383-5"},{"key":"ref104","first-page":"672","article-title":"Fuzzy fusion for face recognition","author":"chen","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Fuzzy Syst Knowl Discovery"},{"key":"ref90","author":"jasinski","year":"0"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49346-4_7"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315275"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2009.2016713"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2005.241"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"94","article-title":"Fusion of visual and thermal signatures with eyeglass removal for robust face recognition","author":"heo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog Workshops"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(02)00066-1"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.01.001"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2004.1301551"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.15"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315275"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"25","article-title":"Face recognition using 2D and 3D facial data","author":"chang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ACM Workshop Multimodal User Authentication"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.70"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2004.1301507"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"2000","article-title":"Face recognition using 2-D, 3-D, and infrared: Is multimodal better than multisample?","volume":"94","author":"chang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3745\/JIPS.2009.5.2.041"},{"key":"ref118","year":"0"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/954339.954342"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1014"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"61","article-title":"Fusion based approach for thermal and visible face recognition under pose and expressivity variation","author":"pop","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc -RoEduNet IEEE Int Conf"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"74","article-title":"2D face recognition techniques: A survey","volume":"2","author":"patil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Intell Mach"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FGR.2006.13"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.9"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.14.001724"},{"key":"ref119","first-page":"2061","article-title":"Multimodal 2D, 2.5D & 3D face verification","author":"serrano","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Image Process"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"474","article-title":"Linear projection methods in face recognition under unconstrained illuminations: A comparative study","author":"li","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"613","article-title":"Face recognition in hyperspectral images","volume":"25","author":"pan","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Facial recognition vendor test 2000: Evaluation report","author":"blackburn","year":"0"},{"key":"ref113","author":"sharma","year":"1995","journal-title":"Applied Multivariate Techniques"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2005.03.001"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11608288_21"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AMFG.2003.1240834"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AVSS.2009.58"},{"key":"ref89","author":"guzman","year":"0"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-009-0417-2"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2010.2060716","article-title":"A natural visible and infrared facial expression database for expression recognition and emotion inference","volume":"12","author":"liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Multimedia"},{"key":"ref123","year":"0"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"211","article-title":"Comparative assessment of independent component analysis (ICA) for face recognition","author":"liu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Audio Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.342"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"A comparative analysis of face recognition performance with visible and thermal infrared imagery","volume":"4","author":"selinger","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recog"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Extraction of superficial vasculature in thermal imaging","author":"manohar","year":"0"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6221037\/6945929\/06876188.pdf?arnumber=6876188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:29:01Z","timestamp":1642004941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6876188\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/thms.2014.2340578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2168-2291","type":"print"},{"value":"2168-2305","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}}}