{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T20:49:12Z","timestamp":1763412552626,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2007386","#2245055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2007386","#2245055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Human-Mach. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/thms.2025.3573173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T13:44:01Z","timestamp":1750945441000},"page":"499-507","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Perception of AI Capabilities at Classifying Perturbed Roadway Signs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9474-1907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine R.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0394-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0842-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanru","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9104-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott","family":"Mishler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4818-3797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cyber Security Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9585-8269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"year":"2021","key":"ref1","article-title":"Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to driving automation systems for on-road motor vehicles"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/15553434221117001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.08.004"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119815075.ch6"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.14"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08839514.2019.1600301"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-016-9467-9"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2018.03.007"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/hcomp.v7i1.5285"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2020.100033"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mits.2014.2336271"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7632892"},{"article-title":"Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples","year":"2015","author":"Goodfellow","key":"ref13"},{"article-title":"Deep learning for face recognition: Pride or prejudiced?","year":"2019","author":"Nagpal","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"77","article-title":"Gender shades: Intersectional accuracy disparities in commercial gender classification","volume-title":"Proc. 1st Conf. Fairness, Accountability Transparency","author":"Buolamwini"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9050909"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new defense against adversarial images: Turning a weakness into a strength","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Hu"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jas.2020.1003021"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trit.2016.03.003"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295309"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref21","first-page":"156","article-title":"Easily deployed stickers could disrupt traffic sign recognition","volume":"2","author":"Lengyel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perners Contacts (Special Issue)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS-C.2019.00114"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3546872"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44127-1_13"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2006.205"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2018.2807385"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pubrev.2021.102077"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/thms.2021.3051137"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50_30392"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872097778543886"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/15154"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59719-5_4"},{"article-title":"Towards deep learning models resistant to adversarial attacks","year":"2019","author":"Madry","key":"ref34"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP40778.2020.9191288"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr.2018.00175"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2025.3574738"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327566ijce0401_04"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579460"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3529225"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449101"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3544548.3581152"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3479507"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231180597"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2011.2119372"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/6221037\/11119621\/11052717-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6221037\/11119621\/11052717.pdf?arnumber=11052717","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T18:42:07Z","timestamp":1763404927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11052717\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/thms.2025.3573173","relation":{},"ISSN":["2168-2291","2168-2305"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2168-2291"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2168-2305"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}}}