{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T17:08:04Z","timestamp":1778346484531,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,1]],"date-time":"2014-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"as interns at Microsoft Research Asia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2014.2312547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T21:08:51Z","timestamp":1395263331000},"page":"891-904","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Captcha as Graphical Passwords\u2014A New Security Primitive Based on Hard AI Problems"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Bin B.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Guanbo Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Maowei Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Ning Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1920261.1920288"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208369"},{"key":"ref33","author":"joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Koobface Worm Asks for CAPTCHA"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"3","article-title":"A new CAPTCHA interface design for mobile devices","author":"lin","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 12th Austral User Inter Conf"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"366","article-title":"Asirra: A CAPTCHA that exploits interest-aligned manual image categorization","author":"elson","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ACM CCS"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Building segmentation based human-friendly human interaction proofs","author":"chellapilla","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Int Workshop Human Interaction Proofs"},{"key":"ref37","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Mid-Year Top Cyber Security Risks Report"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"2-pass mesh warping","author":"wolberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digital Image Warping"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSAC.2007.28"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"435","article-title":"Re: CAPTCHAs&#x2014;Understanding CAPTCHA-Solving Services in an Economic Context","author":"motoyama","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Security"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2010.2053706"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1572532.1572560"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-2010-0411","article-title":"Exploiting predictability in click-based graphical passwords","volume":"19","author":"van oorschot","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Comput Security"},{"key":"ref12","author":"wolverton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hackers Attack eBay Accounts"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2010","journal-title":"Top Cyber Security Risks Report Sans Institute and Qualys Research Labs"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/586131.586133"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1178618.1178619"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2011.24"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"294","article-title":"CAPTCHA: Using hard AI problems for security","author":"von ahn","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc EUROCRYPT"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"359","article-title":"Graphical password authentication using cued click points","author":"chiasson","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ESORICS"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"121","article-title":"Influencing users towards better passwords: Persuasive cued click-points","volume":"1","author":"chiasson","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Brit HCI Group Annu Conf People Comput Culture Creativity Interaction"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315140"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"273","article-title":"Pass-Go: A proposal to improve the usability of graphical passwords","volume":"7","author":"tao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Netw Security"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"134","article-title":"Recognizing objects in adversarial clutter","author":"mori","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Society Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The design and analysis of graphical passwords","author":"jermyn","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 8th Usenix Security Symp"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1284680.1284685"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computers beat humans at single character recognition in reading-based human interaction proofs","author":"chellapilla","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 2nd Conf Email Anti-Spam"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2005.04.010"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1280680.1280684"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74835-9_23"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Science Behind Passfaces"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"103","article-title":"Human-seeded attacks and exploiting hot spots in graphical passwords","author":"thorpe","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Security"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2333112.2333114"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1","article-title":"On user choice in graphical password schemes","author":"davis","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Usenix Security"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2006.10"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"D&#x00E9;j&#x00E0; Vu: A user study using images for authentication","author":"dhamija","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 9th Usenix Security Symp"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2012.49"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455838"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2010.46"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Do background images improve 'Draw a Secret' graphical passwords","author":"dunphy","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc ACM CCS"},{"key":"ref44","year":"0","journal-title":"Openwall Wordlists Collection"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1455770.1455839"},{"key":"ref43","year":"0","journal-title":"John the Ripper Password Cracker"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1866307.1866329"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/10206\/6803967\/06775249.pdf?arnumber=6775249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T16:53:37Z","timestamp":1642006417000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6775249\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2014.2312547","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6013","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-6021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]}}}