{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:38:49Z","timestamp":1772642329387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2-0250(B)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2-0250(B)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2022.3216468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T22:01:04Z","timestamp":1667512864000},"page":"190-205","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Exploring Bias in Sclera Segmentation Models: A Group Evaluation Approach"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9824-2136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matej","family":"Vitek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Science, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani (BITS), Pilani, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2012-3676","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Rafael","family":"Lucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-0588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Antonio","family":"Zanlorensi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2430-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Menotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1928-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jalil Nourmohammadi","family":"Khiarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Control and Computation Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mohsen Akbari","family":"Shahpar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"}]},{"given":"Meysam","family":"Asgari-Chenaghlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran"}]},{"given":"Farhang","family":"Jaryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Arak University (AU), Arak, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9159-4075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan E.","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biometrics and Internet-Security Research Group (da\/sec), Hochschule Darmstadt (HDA), Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Valenzuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Center, TOC Biometrics (TOC), Santiago, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7341-3904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caiyong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (BUCEA), Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Yunlong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Zhaofeng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4029-9935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition (NLPR), Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA), Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-9128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fadi","family":"Boutros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7910-7895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Damer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jonas Henry","family":"Grebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjan","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Living and Biometric Technologies Department, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research (IGD), Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiran","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}]},{"given":"Gourav","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Gjøvik, Norway"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Zampoukis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"}]},{"given":"Lazaros","family":"Tsochatzidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Pratikakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Xanthi, Greece"}]},{"given":"S. V. Aruna","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan, Karnataka, India"}]},{"given":"B. S.","family":"Harish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science and Engineering, JSS Science and Technology University (JSS STU), Mysuru, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5426-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umapada","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Unit, Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) Kolkata, Kolkata, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Peer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Vision Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3385-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitomir","family":"Struc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Machine Intelligence, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana (UL), Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","author":"brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst (NeurIPS)"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304924"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209581"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOBI.2018.8464213"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01179"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.2007.4371435"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00043"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"A new biometric modality based on conjunctival vasculature","author":"derakhshani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Artif Neural Netw Eng"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"229","article-title":"Probing fairness of mobile ocular biometrics methods across gender on VISOB 2.0 dataset","author":"krishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCST49569.2021.9717383"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mitigating bias in gender, age and ethnicity classification: A multi-task convolution neural network approach","author":"das","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc ECCV Workshops"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Mitigating soft-biometric driven bias and privacy concerns in face recognition systems","author":"terh\u00f6rst","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Towards multi-modal sclera and iris biometric recognition with adaptive liveness detection","author":"das","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIBIM.2014.7015439"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2018.5105"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/Eusipco47968.2020.9287321"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2019.2962190"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Gaussian error linear units (GELUs)","author":"hendrycks","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1606 08415"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01261-8_1"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Face recognition accuracy across demographics: Shining a light into the problem","author":"wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv 2206 01881"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2009.5339069"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"MultiNet: Real-time joint semantic reasoning for autonomous driving","author":"teichmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv 1612 07695"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.632"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58526-6_20"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00452"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2015.03.005"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB48548.2020.9304881"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/Eusipco47968.2020.9287219"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3096024"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessing bias in face image quality assessment","author":"babnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Eur Signal Process Conf (EUSIPCO)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AUTOID.2007.380586"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW54805.2022.00047"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/Eusipco47968.2020.9287722"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410272112"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2016.7550069"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2017.8272764"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"234","article-title":"U-Net: Convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation","author":"ronneberger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Med Image Comput Comput -Assist Intervent (MICCAI)"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Aequitas: A bias and fairness audit toolkit","author":"saleiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv 1811 05577"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"134","article-title":"Area under the precision-recall curve: Point estimates and confidence intervals","author":"boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc JECMLKDD"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118432"},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation: From precision, recall and F-measure to ROC, informedness, markedness and correlation","volume":"2","author":"powers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Technol"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pixel-wise ear detection with convolutional encoder–decoder networks","volume":"7","author":"emer\u0161i?","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Biometrics"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"344","article-title":"Semi-automated correction of MOBIUS eye region annotations","author":"golob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Electrotech Comput Sci Conf (ERK)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB2018.2018.00053"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"550","article-title":"An unsupervised approach for eye sclera segmentation","author":"riccio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Iberoamerican Congr Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2017.8272772"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-01793-3_125"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2014.0059"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TTS.2020.2992344"},{"key":"ref14","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Artificial Intelligence Act"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3457607"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7249\/RR1744"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.IR.8280"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Balancing biases and preserving privacy on balanced faces in the wild","author":"robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2103 09118"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3135750"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2021.116349"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOBI.2018.8464133"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2313025"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-04782-1"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-bmt.2016.0114"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2015.7358746"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2015.7358796"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-27731-4_13"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3101256"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2018.8698597"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB45273.2019.8987414"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"OpenEDS: Open eye dataset","author":"garbin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv 1905 03702"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-02961-0_46"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIIP.2011.6108974"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2930593"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB.2012.6199815"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/10206\/9970396\/09926136.pdf?arnumber=9926136","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T19:11:26Z","timestamp":1672081886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9926136\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":75,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2022.3216468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6013","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-6021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}