{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:12:47Z","timestamp":1761847967727,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFB2902200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62471064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62471064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2025.3620090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T17:36:09Z","timestamp":1760117769000},"page":"11447-11461","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mining Multi-Scale Spatial-Frequency Clues for Unsupervised Intrusion Detection"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2332-8386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenyang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1987-2736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoshun","family":"Nan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caiyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chenrui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongchen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5046-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhua","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9518-1622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Mobile Network Technologies, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2022.102861"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSIT53264.2022.9716469"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.4150"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-021-10046-w"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12709\/mest.05.05.02.03"},{"issue":"E7","key":"ref6","first-page":"15","article-title":"Dos and DDoS attacks: Defense, detection and traceback mechanisms\u2014A survey","volume":"14","author":"Prasad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1541880.1541882"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2013.05.009"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1269880.1269882"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19620-1_11"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22215\/timreview\/1282"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3534562"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2025.3558793"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2023.3288249"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2025.3560042"},{"volume-title":"The State of Security","year":"2023","key":"ref16"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCUBEA47591.2019.9128950"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/601"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"4393","article-title":"Deep one-class classification","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Ruff"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3292500.3330672"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC49032.2021.9369451"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref22","first-page":"161","article-title":"Signature-based and supervised learning to improve data loss protection","volume":"15","author":"Tariq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signature"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RIVF60135.2023.10471853"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DeSE51703.2020.9450745"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3130074"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789927"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103131"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2022.110030"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3402148"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9486949"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3514061.3514067"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9068724"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2022.24107"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789921"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3534678.3539274"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103516"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599524"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3595671"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"21","article-title":"New generations of Internet of Things datasets for cybersecurity applications based machine learning: TON_IoT datasets","volume-title":"Proc. eResearch Australasia Conf.","author":"Moustafa"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2023.3271623"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599238"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Graph neural networks for graphs with heterophily: A survey","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.07082"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1609.02907"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.100818"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks on graphs with fast localized spectral filtering","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Defferrard"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Spectral networks and locally connected networks on graphs","author":"Bruna","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv:1312.6203"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/conm\/453\/08802"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0179-3"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBERSEC.2016.009"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3616855.3635783"},{"volume-title":"Persistent Homology Analysis of Biomolecular Data","year":"2017","author":"Wei","key":"ref51"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.126459"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2024.103821"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4611331"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-75762-5_6"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482226"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2024.3349788"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.3016143"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"8376","article-title":"Revisiting graph neural networks: Graph filtering perspective","volume-title":"Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Pattern Recognit. (ICPR)","author":"Hoang"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i8.28741"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"6837","article-title":"Elastic graph neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"21076","article-title":"Rethinking graph neural networks for anomaly detection","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Tang"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"Predict then propagate: Graph neural networks meet personalized PageRank","author":"Gasteiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.05997"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3580305.3599275"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Persistence images: A stable vector representation of persistent homology","volume":"18","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"9855","article-title":"Learning metrics for persistence-based summaries and applications for graph classification","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"32","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4171\/120-1\/3"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688-017-0109-5"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2023.3284932"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2023.103465"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCDC62350.2024.10588294"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3543873.3587329"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-12-374370-1.x0001-8"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep graph infomax","volume-title":"Proc. ICLR","author":"Veli\u010dkovi\u0107"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.102994"},{"volume-title":"Cicflowmeter","year":"2017","author":"Lashkari","key":"ref76"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"An explainable machine learning-based network intrusion detection system for enabling generalisability in securing IoT networks","author":"Sarhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2104.07183"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.05.041"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72802-1_9"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-021-01843-0"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MilCIS.2015.7348942"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bdr.2022.100359"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22155822"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029100"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555776.3577651"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NOMS54207.2022.9789878"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2012.2186825"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10206\/10810755\/11199915.pdf?arnumber=11199915","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T18:01:04Z","timestamp":1761847264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11199915\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":87,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2025.3620090","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-6013"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-6021"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}