{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:47:21Z","timestamp":1765262841046,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2025.3629604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:52:08Z","timestamp":1762455128000},"page":"12640-12651","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SCALA: Toward Imperceptible and Efficient Black-Box Textual Adversarial Perturbations"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5114-9257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6355-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achim D.","family":"Brucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5406-8420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6267-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K."}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8311-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjie","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K."}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.5428"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM50108.2020.00037"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Intriguing properties of neural networks","author":"Szegedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv:1312.6199"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"547","article-title":"Deep learning and its adversarial robustness: A brief introduction","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Handbook on Computer Learning and Intelligence: Deep Learning, Intelligent Control and Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100270"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Towards a robust deep neural network in texts: A survey","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1902.07285"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Survey of vulnerabilities in large language models revealed by adversarial attacks","author":"Shayegani","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2310.10844"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Towards robustness against natural language word substitutions","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.13541"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3712001"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM54844.2022.00047"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-5007"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM54844.2022.00025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2019.23138"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1561"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1103"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6311"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1316"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.500"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-024-10824-0"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-025-11389-2"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2006"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/585"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.498"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.585"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46147-8_43"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.540"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.naacl-long.31"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS ML Saf. Workshop","author":"Perez"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Prompt injection attack against LLM-integrated applications","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.05499"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW63631.2024.00018"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3658644.3670388"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2024.24188"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"GPTFUZZER: Red teaming large language models with auto-generated jailbreak prompts","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.10253"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"AutoDAN: Generating stealthy jailbreak prompts on aligned large language models","volume-title":"Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"26958","article-title":"Certified robustness against natural language attacks by causal intervention","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Zhao"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.findings-acl.267"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.993"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/824"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Universal sentence encoder","author":"Cer","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1803.11175"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1018"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i15.17595"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1219840.1219855"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"142","article-title":"Learning word vectors for sentiment analysis","volume-title":"Proc. 49th Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics, Hum. Lang. Technol.","author":"Maas"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"649","article-title":"Character-level convolutional networks for text classification","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"2924","article-title":"BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes\/no questions","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. North Amer. Chapter Assoc. Comput. Linguistics, Hum. Lang. Technol.","author":"Clark"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/d15-1075"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1101"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"The llama 3 herd of models","author":"Grattafiori","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.21783"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Enhanced LSTM for natural language inference","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1609.06038"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/d17-1070"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.16"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18305-9_10"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10206\/10810755\/11231110.pdf?arnumber=11231110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:42:59Z","timestamp":1765262579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11231110\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2025.3629604","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-6013"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-6021"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}