{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:56:52Z","timestamp":1769623012132,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFB2703800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB2703800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau, SAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["008\/2025\/RIB1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008\/2025\/RIB1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003009","name":"Science and Technology Development Fund, Macau, SAR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0077\/2025\/RIA2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0077\/2025\/RIA2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2026.3651978","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:39:45Z","timestamp":1768423185000},"page":"1213-1227","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Modeling the Performance-Security Trade-Off of Gasper\u2019s Block Proposal Mechanism Under Latency-Driven Attacks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Shuhan","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4873-5631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinglin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5408-8752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MengChu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-0972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4864-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peiyun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Digital Forensics of Ministry of Education and the School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-8004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computing Technology, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Combining GHOST and Casper","author":"Buterin","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.03052"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3266162"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.105911"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2024.3382582"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Ethereum white paper","author":"Buterin","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.2990103"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3079415"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3099953"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3096124"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3287394"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3056147"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"The Gasper protocol: A proof of stake era for Ethereum [D]","author":"Pititto","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3389551"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.3031355"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3321063"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3086332"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Forked Blocks (Reorgs)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Low-cost attacks on Ethereum 2.0 by sub-1\/3 stakeholders","author":"Neuder","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2102.02247"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560829.3563560"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Three attacks on proof-of-stake Ethereum","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Financial Cryptography Data Secur.","volume":"2021","author":"Schwarz-Schilling"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00045"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP54263.2024.00135"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-54204-6_23"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"A confirmation rule for the Ethereum consensus protocol","author":"Asgaonkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2405.00549"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4344299"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"6255","article-title":"Max attestation matters: Making honest parties lose their incentives in Ethereum PoS","volume-title":"Proc. 33rd USENIX Secur. Symp. (USENIX Secur.)","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751241"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3457285"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3659463.3660021"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Towards single slot finality: Evaluating consensus mechanisms and methods for faster Ethereum finality","author":"Murr","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.09420"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BRAINS52497.2021.9569791"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-99524-9_9"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN48063.2020.00038"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3466826.3466832"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30429-4_8"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM48099.2022.10001240"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implement.","author":"Castro"},{"key":"ref38","author":"Qi et al","year":"2025","journal-title":"Supplementary Materials of Modeling the Performance-Security Trade-Off of Gasper\u2019s Block Proposal Mechanism Under Latency-Driven Attacks"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10206\/11313711\/11353386.pdf?arnumber=11353386","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T05:13:46Z","timestamp":1769577226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11353386\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":38,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2026.3651978","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6013","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-6021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}