{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:17:21Z","timestamp":1777954641478,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2468205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2468205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62572168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62572168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2508085MF151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2508085MF151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2026.3683274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T19:35:39Z","timestamp":1776108939000},"page":"4446-4459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HKT-SmartAudit: Distilling Lightweight Models for Smart Contract Auditing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3539-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-6622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7164-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1028-6187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianhao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4340-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3752-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daoyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7300-9215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Ave, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8196-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunmiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7463-9922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingchao","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9708-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Academy of Blockchain and Edge Computing, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3561657"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3391195"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1810.04805"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649828"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649850"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3639478.3643065"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"559","article-title":"Alpa: Automating inter-and intra-operator parallelism for distributed deep learning","volume-title":"Proc. 16th USENIX Symp. Operating Syst. Design Implement. (OSDI)","author":"Zheng"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3623175"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"A survey of large language models","author":"Xin Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2303.18223"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2025.241357"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3695864"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179435"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3464421"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Evaluating large language models trained on code","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.03374"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3586030"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Code llama: Open foundation models for code","author":"Rozi\u00e9re","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.12950"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3649825"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3607199.3607242"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Do you still need a manual smart contract audit?","author":"David","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2306.12338"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3702973"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01065"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-021-01453-z"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAI.2024.3428519"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"Reinforcement learning from human feedback with active queries","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Delta-LoRA: Fine-tuning high-rank parameters with the delta of low-rank matrices","author":"Zi","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.02411"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"MFTCoder: Boosting code LLMs with multitask fine-tuning","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2311.02303"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1707.06347"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSE48619.2023.00061"},{"key":"ref30","volume-title":"SB Curated: A Curated Dataset of Vulnerable Solidity Smart Contracts","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"530","article-title":"Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47,587 Ethereum smart contracts","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/ACM 42nd Int. Conf. Softw. Eng. (ICSE)","author":"Durieux"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WETSEB.2019.00008"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10664-023-10414-8"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3597503.3639117"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"LLM4Fuzz: Guided fuzzing of smart contracts with large language models","author":"Shou","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.11108"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10206\/11313711\/11480205.pdf?arnumber=11480205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:34:49Z","timestamp":1777923289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11480205\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":35,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2026.3683274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6013","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-6021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}