{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:40:02Z","timestamp":1786390802730,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Development Fund of Macau","award":["0096\/2023\/RIA2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0096\/2023\/RIA2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009330","name":"Medical Science and Technology Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025A0505010025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025A0505010025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009330","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62406320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62406320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["JQ23016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JQ23016"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems","award":["MAIS20260206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MAIS20260206"]}]},{"name":"AI Super Computing Platform of Macau University of Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans.Inform.Forensic Secur."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tifs.2026.3714100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T21:50:36Z","timestamp":1784238636000},"page":"7215-7228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flexible Modal Mixture-of-Experts With Inter-Modal Knowledge Distillation for Face Anti-Spoofing"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0640-5671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5967-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ning","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-7736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7530-0568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0048-372X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Telecom Research Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0032-8631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Telecom Research Institute","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Zhuhai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4841-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4735-2885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6954-7691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanchuan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0791-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASIA)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","place":["Macau, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2020.2973001"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the effectiveness of local binary patterns in face anti-spoofing","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Biometrics Special Interest Group (BIOSIG)","author":"Chingovska"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3337970"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00509"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3036338"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3215850"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19778-9_14"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01888"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3370721"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.01026"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/120"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01964"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.02353"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2022.3158551"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.00738"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3420699"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3486098"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00104"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3474085.3475279"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01803"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01959"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72667-5_9"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00671"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3002390"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503161.3547769"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2024.3371266"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58529-7_38"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02255-9"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmm.2026.3668651"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00048"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3176387"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV48630.2021.00122"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2019.2916652"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-025-1575-z"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3296330"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3680856"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2024.3520534"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2022\/165"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72670-5_6"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref40","article-title":"Flexible modality mixture of experts with refined prompt learning for flexible face anti-spoofing","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Frontiers Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-2384"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01838"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00025"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00026"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72949-2_9"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3540659"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02135-2"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3592531"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3587917"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3564878"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3586506"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02178-5"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2026.113265"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-026-02888-y"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2025.3618575"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"14073","article-title":"Agent4FaceForgery: Multi-agent LLM framework for realistic face forgery detection","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE\/CVF Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recognit.","author":"Lai"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00333"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"The high-quality wide multi-channel attack (HQ-WMCA) database","author":"Mostaani","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2009.09703"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW59228.2023.00675"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02055-1"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00779"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3573785"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1514"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"VL-BERT: Pre-training of generic visual-linguistic representations","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1908.08530"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00553"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"9694","article-title":"Align before fuse: Vision and language representation learning with momentum distillation","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","volume":"34","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"13","article-title":"ViLBERT: Pretraining task-agnostic visiolinguistic representations for vision-and-language tasks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","volume":"32","author":"Lu"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"VisualBERT: A simple and performant baseline for vision and language","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1908.03557"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"5583","article-title":"ViLT: Vision-and-language transformer without convolution or region supervision","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Kim"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01563"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-long.70"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.890"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-2167"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3135"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Not all patches are what you need: Expediting vision transformers via token reorganizations","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.07800"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FAIA240489"},{"key":"ref77","article-title":"The modality focusing hypothesis: Towards understanding crossmodal knowledge distillation","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2206.06487"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00682"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB45273.2019.8987370"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3013214"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"An image is worth $16\\times 16$\n words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Dosovitskiy"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/bme2.12002"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00101"},{"key":"ref84","volume-title":"ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 37 Biometrics: Information Technology Biometric Presentation Attack Detection Part 1: Framework","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"237","article-title":"A statistical significance test for person authentication","volume-title":"Proc. Odyssey","author":"Bengio"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3559891"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2023.3319330"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2867733"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2025.111628"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10206\/11313711\/11612909.pdf?arnumber=11612909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T19:11:36Z","timestamp":1786389096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11612909\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":89,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tifs.2026.3714100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-6013","1556-6021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-6013","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-6021","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}