{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:08:06Z","timestamp":1784732886427,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,1]],"date-time":"2019-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564617600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ECCS-1719043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-1719043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tim.2018.2869261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,4]],"date-time":"2018-10-04T18:41:21Z","timestamp":1538678481000},"page":"2768-2784","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Software-Defined Radio GNSS Instrumentation for Spoofing Mitigation: A Review and a Case Study"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-0031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4131-1898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Ruble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5977-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Akopian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Pack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1549","article-title":"STARx—A GPU based multi-system full-band real-time GNSS software receiver","author":"huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"407","article-title":"ipexSR: A real-time multi-frequency software GNSS receiver","author":"st\u00f6ber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Elmar"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"614","article-title":"Multichannel dual frequency GLONASS software receiver","author":"nik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"121","article-title":"A GPS software receiver","author":"gleason","year":"2009","journal-title":"GNSS Applications and Methods"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.52"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"468","article-title":"Modeling multi-core software GNSS receiver with real time SW receiver","volume":"1","author":"raasakka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"SOFT-REC: A GPS\/EGNOS software receiver","author":"principe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 14th IST Mobile Wireless Commun Summit"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"986","article-title":"A real-time GPS civilian L1\/L2 software receiver","author":"ledvina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"713","article-title":"Development of real-time software GPS receiver using windows visual C++ and USB RF front-end","author":"jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5081\/jgps.7.2.156"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"42","article-title":"SDR GNSS receiver design over stand-alone generic TI DSP platform","author":"tian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Symp Spread Spectrum Techniques Appl"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"708","article-title":"FPGA-based architecture for high throughput, flexible and compact real-time GNSS software defined receiver","author":"sauriol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Nat Tech Meeting Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"2370","article-title":"GNSS receiver implementation on a DSP: Status, challenges, and prospects","author":"humphreys","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc 19th Int Tech Meeting Satellite Division Inst Navigat (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/UPINLBS.2010.5654337"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EWDTS.2013.6673192"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2012.6423062"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CERMA.2011.70"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"6","article-title":"application specific instruction processor based implementation of a gnss receiver on an fpga","author":"kappen","year":"2006","journal-title":"the Design Automation &amp Test in Europe Conference DATE-06"},{"key":"ref101","year":"2016","journal-title":"National Instruments NI Global Navigation Satellite System Toolkits"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708062"},{"key":"ref100","author":"golub","year":"1996","journal-title":"Matrix Computations"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5707991"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"2676","article-title":"Factored correlator model: A solution for fast, flexible, and realistic GNSS receiver simulations","author":"silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2017.2705338"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"326","article-title":"Exploiting multicore technology in software-defined GNSS receivers","author":"humphreys","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc ION GNSS Meeting"},{"key":"ref58","author":"kaplan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Understanding GPS Principles and Applications"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-rsn:20045096"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"48","article-title":"GNSS software defined radio: Real receiver or just a tool for experts?","volume":"1","author":"won","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/979815"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33012\/2017.15179"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2811446"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"780","article-title":"GNSS-SDR: An open source tool for researchers and developers","author":"fern\u00e1ndez-prades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc 24th Int Tech Meeting Satellite Div Inst Navig"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"667","article-title":"Co-processor aiding for real-time software GNSS receiver","volume":"2","author":"knezevic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Satellite Div Inst Navig"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7096293"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2008.2011712"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2008.924930"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17775\/CSEEJPES.2016.00040"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897166"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"679","article-title":"A multifrequency low-cost architecture for GNSS software receivers","volume":"2","author":"cristaldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Satellite Div Inst Navig"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2526658"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.845404"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2304352"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAeroSpace.2014.6865941"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"2256","article-title":"Development of a one channel Galileo L1 software receiver and testing using real data","volume":"2","author":"macchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref47","author":"borre","year":"2007","journal-title":"A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver A Single-Frequency Approach"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373414"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1329","article-title":"NavX–NSR–a novel Galileo\/GPS navigation software receiver","author":"heinrichs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1906","article-title":"Hybrid GPS\/Galileo real time software receiver","author":"normark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"62","article-title":"More than we ever dreamed possible: Processor technology for GNSS software receivers in the year 2015","volume":"10","author":"dampf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/navi.44"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"A testbed for developing and evaluating GNSS signal authentication techniques","author":"humphreys","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Int Symp Certif GNSS Syst Serv (CERGAL)"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"2314","article-title":"Assessing the spoofing threat: Development of a portable GPS civilian spoofer","author":"humphreys","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6494400"},{"key":"ref76","first-page":"3584","article-title":"Real-time spoofing detection using correlation between two civil GPS receiver","author":"o\u2019hanlon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PECI.2014.6804565"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6621814"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"2211","article-title":"Real-time spoofing detection in a narrow-band civil GPS receiver","author":"o\u2019hanlon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc 23rd Int Tech Meeting Satellite Division Inst Navigat (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"3569","article-title":"The texas spoofing test battery: Toward a standard for evaluating GPS signal authentication techniques","author":"humphreys","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"GNSS spoofing mitigation in multipath environments using space-time processing","author":"daneshmand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc European Navigation Conf"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2015","journal-title":"GNU Radio"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0407-3"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EUSIPCO.2016.7760408"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973753"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708055"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"790","article-title":"Detection and mitigation of spoofing attacks on a vector based tracking GPS receiver","author":"jafarnia-jahromi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Inst Navigat (ION ITM)"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2016.7479804"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2016.7479735"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2018.8373471"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2008.2006090"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MILCOM.2015.7357656"},{"key":"ref1","author":"misra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Global Positioning System Signals Measurements and Performance"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.54465"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.339839"},{"key":"ref93","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eigen is a C++ template library for linear algebra matrices vectors numerical solvers and related algorithms"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2004.840301"},{"key":"ref91","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intel\ufffd C++ Intrinsics Reference"},{"key":"ref90","author":"gmbh","year":"2018","journal-title":"SX3 GNSS Software Receiver"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075065252-0.50005-3"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/18.391241"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2005.1375233"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"2624","article-title":"CN0 estimation and near-far mitigation for GNSS indoor receivers","author":"lopez-risueno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 61st Veh Technol Conf (VTC)"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Apparatus and method for mitigation of cross correlation in GPS system","author":"dempster","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7.845241"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404100"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2011.05.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2004.842193"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2010.5417147"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2006.888360"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2013.6404112"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAM.2014.6882352"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"SAT-SURF and SAT-SURFER: Novel hardware and software platform for research and education on satellite navigation","author":"dominici","year":"2009","journal-title":"European Navigation Conference - Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ENC-GNSS)"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"2776","article-title":"Receiver-autonomous spoofing detection: Experimental results of a multi-antenna receiver defense against a portable civil GPS spoofer","author":"montgomery","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Int Tech Meeting Inst Navigat"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"49","article-title":"NovAtel’s GPS receiver: The high performance OEM sensor of the future","author":"fenton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc Int Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS)"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"A double antenna approach toward detection classification and mitigation of GNSS structural interference","author":"jafarnia-jahromi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 7th ESA Workshop Satell Navigat Technol Eur Workshop GNSS Signals Signal Process (NAVITEC)"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708026"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"1233","article-title":"A low-complexity GPS anti-spoofing method using a multi-antenna array","author":"daneshmand","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"2776","article-title":"GNSS spoofing detection using two-antenna differential carrier phase","author":"psiaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS"},{"key":"ref89","year":"2018","journal-title":"GNSS SDR Front End and Receiver"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2532963"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-6180-2013-143"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAM.2014.6882355"},{"key":"ref88","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ettus Research—The Leader in Software Defined Radio (SDR)"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielaam\/19\/8760410\/8481497-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/19\/8760410\/08481497.pdf?arnumber=8481497","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T20:52:11Z","timestamp":1657745531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8481497\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tim.2018.2869261","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9456","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]}}}