{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,26]],"date-time":"2026-04-26T07:21:31Z","timestamp":1777188091617,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015295","name":"Chongqing Social Science Planning Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018QNJJ16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018QNJJ16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015295","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51605054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51605054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005230","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jcyj-msxmX0575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["cstc2020jscxdxwtB0057"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jscxdxwtB0057"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["cstc2020jscx-msxmX0109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2020jscx-msxmX0109"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development Project","award":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0042"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tim.2023.3256459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,13]],"date-time":"2023-03-13T17:47:30Z","timestamp":1678729650000},"page":"1-17","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Quantification of Uncertainty and Its Applications to Complex Domain for Autonomous Vehicles Perception System"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0797-4655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmission, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0228-8402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingjun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intelligent Vehicle Research and Development Institute, Changan Auto Company, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-4772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junlan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deep neural networks for object detection","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Szegedy"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141445"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105692"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng071516-044442"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISMVL.2017.49"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3175977"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364918770733"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8415"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3105243"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-control-060117-105157"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2017.8317618"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2018.02.001"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2016.07.004"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2658662"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.02.012"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2022.3213796"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/0600000079"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3065433"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2022.3142128"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2015.2496823"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2812300"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3219466"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2023.105951","article-title":"PVF-DectNet: Multi-modal 3D detection network based on perspective-voxel fusion","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00059"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093599"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8463150"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Deep sub-ensembles for fast uncertainty estimation in image classification","author":"Valdenegro-Toro","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1910.08168"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12385-1"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Dropout as a Bayesian approximation: Representing model uncertainty in deep learning","volume":"48","author":"Gal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00167"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2962338"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10562-9"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Depth uncertainty in neural networks","author":"Antor\u00e1n","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2006.08437"},{"issue":"15","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4220","DOI":"10.3390\/s20154220","article-title":"Deep learning sensor fusion for autonomous vehicle perception and localization: A review","volume":"20","author":"Fayyad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"A review and comparative study on probabilistic object detection in autonomous driving","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2011.10671"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.05.008"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6068203"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Benchmarking image sensors under adverse weather conditions for autonomous driving","author":"Bijelic","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1912.03238"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.07.019"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7299069"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814205"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Predictive uncertainty estimation via prior networks","author":"Malinin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.10501"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Evidential deep learning to quantify classification uncertainty","author":"Sensoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1806.01768"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99978-4_9"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Density estimation in representation space to predict model uncertainty","author":"Ramalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1908.07235"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Monte Carlo DropBlock for modelling uncertainty in object detection","author":"Deepshikha","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2108.03614"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcp.2018.04.018"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Multi-loss sub-ensembles for accurate classification with uncertainty estimation","author":"Achrack","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.01917"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Uncertainty quantification and deep ensembles","author":"Rahaman","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2007.08792"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2006.28"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39964-3_62"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007607513941","article-title":"An experimental comparison of three methods for constructing ensembles of decision trees: Bagging, boosting, and randomization","volume":"40","author":"Dietterich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Simple and scalable predictive uncertainty estimation using deep ensembles","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"30","author":"Lakshminarayanan"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00976"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61808-3"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11726-9_6"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Test-time data augmentation for estimation of heteroscedastic aleatoric uncertainty in deep neural networks","volume-title":"Medical Imaging With Deep Learning","author":"Ayhan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-40648-0_10"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00355"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569637"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2021\/471"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569814"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01194"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"Simple and scalable predictive uncertainty estimation using deep ensembles","author":"Lakshminarayanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1612.01474"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"Predictive uncertainty estimation via prior networks","author":"Malinin","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.10501"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Uncertainty baselines: Benchmarks for uncertainty & robustness in deep learning","author":"Nado","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2106.04015"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296414"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Dropout sampling for robust object detection in open-set conditions","author":"Miller","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1710.06677"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01246-5_32"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA40945.2020.9196544"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814073"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917494"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE49439.2021.9551543"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Semi-local 3D lane detection and uncertainty estimation","author":"Efrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2003.05257"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913491297"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00271"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-cvi.2014.0140"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2012.05.011"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2012.2211477"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"3288","article-title":"Convolutional neural networks applied to house numbers digit classification","volume-title":"Proc. 21st Int. Conf. Pattern Recognit. (ICPR)","author":"Sermanet"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref83","first-page":"1","article-title":"Convolutional deep belief networks on CIFAR-10","volume":"40","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Unpublished Manuscript"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCRE49379.2020.9096457"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2007.4399388"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232144"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00111"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/168304.168306"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"215","article-title":"Ensemble learning in Bayesian neural networks","volume":"168","author":"Barber","year":"1998","journal-title":"NATO ASI F Comput. Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42154-021-00154-0"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AITEST52744.2021.00027"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2016.7487679"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00696"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2988180"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972865"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5900","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205900","article-title":"Semantic point cloud mapping of LiDAR based on probabilistic uncertainty modeling for autonomous driving","volume":"20","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00051"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01298"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341387"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2020.3038898"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2019.00024"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2019.00024"},{"key":"ref103","article-title":"Evaluating uncertainty estimation methods on 3D semantic segmentation of point clouds","author":"Bhandary K","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2007.01787"},{"key":"ref104","article-title":"Calibrating uncertainties in object localization task","author":"Phan","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1811.11210"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/027836402761412467"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238654"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2017.7995900"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2985546"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2012.6386125"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"147","article-title":"Multi-robot collision avoidance with localization uncertainty","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Auton. Agents Multiagent Syst. (AAMAS)","author":"Hennes"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2012.2223695"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using high definition maps to estimate GNSS positioning uncertainty","volume-title":"Proc. Eur. Navigat. Conf. (ENC)","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2017.2780162"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00141"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1604.01685"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12301"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989163"},{"key":"ref118","article-title":"Highway driving dataset for semantic video segmentation","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2011.00674"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2008.04.005"},{"key":"ref120","article-title":"The streetlearn environment and dataset","author":"Mirowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1903.01292"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9341406"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00615"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8460834"},{"key":"ref124","article-title":"One million scenes for autonomous driving: Once dataset","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2106.11037"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.02068"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA46639.2022.9812038"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"Gradient-based quantification of epistemic uncertainty for deep object detectors","author":"Riedlinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2107.04517"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00300"},{"key":"ref129","first-page":"6","article-title":"Benchmarking sampling-based probabilistic object detectors","volume-title":"Proc. CVPR Workshops","volume":"3","author":"Miller"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2019.8814046"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/19\/10012124\/10068310.pdf?arnumber=10068310","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,3]],"date-time":"2024-03-03T05:04:11Z","timestamp":1709442251000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10068310\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":130,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tim.2023.3256459","relation":{},"ISSN":["0018-9456","1557-9662"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0018-9456","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-9662","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}}}