{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T05:44:00Z","timestamp":1785822240932,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62425113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62425113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. on Image Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tip.2026.3716388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T19:06:17Z","timestamp":1785351977000},"page":"8291-8305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Miles: Metric Learning With Expandable Subspace for Pre-Trained Model-Based Class-Incremental Learning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7406-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zisong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4274-7332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9283-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueru","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xidian University","place":["Xi\u2019an, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Artificial Intelligence (TeleAI) of China Telecom","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3550003"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3551128"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3563708"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01294-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611835114"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3122293"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3057446"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.10.021"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3213473"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2025.3574930"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3478854"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2773081"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.753"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00701"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.587"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"3478","article-title":"RMM: Reinforced memory management for class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"34","author":"Liu"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01094"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00303"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19806-9_23"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"12773","article-title":"Beef: Bi-compatible class-incremental learning via energy-based expansion and fusion","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"9689","article-title":"A model or 603 exemplars: Towards memory-efficient class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Zhou"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1673","article-title":"Large-margin contrastive learning with distance polarization regularizer","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML)","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i16.33918"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-0459"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-024-02218-0"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Continual learning with pre-trained models: A survey","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.16386"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2023.109381"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3294996.3295163"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","first-page":"3","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. ICLR","volume":"1","author":"Hu"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Data augmentation of contrastive learning is estimating positive-incentive noise","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.09929"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19827-4_41"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1212"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02223"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58565-5_6"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19812-0_7"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2024.3417452"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2024.3434475"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.02687"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2026.103364"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"145309","article-title":"Class-wise balancing data replay for federated class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. 39th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst","author":"Qi"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00812"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2023.3236160"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00907"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1108"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.00024"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-19809-0_36"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01146"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-0288"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73209-6_18"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01577"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2025.3601373"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"20889","article-title":"Boosting multiple views for pretrained-based continual learning","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Tran"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"44776","article-title":"Mixture of noise for pre-trained model-based class-incremental learning","volume-title":"Proc. 39th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Jiang"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51701.2025.00083"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52734.2025.01911"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/079017-3612"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"An image is worth $16\\times 16$\n words: Transformers for image recognition at scale","author":"Dosovitskiy","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2010.11929"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images","volume":"1","author":"Krizhevsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Handbook of Systemic Autoimmune Diseases"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"The Caltech-UCSD birds-200-2011 dataset","volume-title":"Tech. Rep.","author":"Wah","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-20071-7_35"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01501"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00823"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10599-4_29"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"2737","article-title":"Uncertainty modeling for out-of-distribution generalization","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref65","first-page":"625","article-title":"Harnessing out-of-distribution examples via augmenting content and style","volume-title":"Proc. 11th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Huang"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00350"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Image Processing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/83\/11355710\/11628066.pdf?arnumber=11628066","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:48:04Z","timestamp":1785818884000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11628066\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tip.2026.3716388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1057-7149","1941-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1057-7149","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-0042","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}