{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T16:19:14Z","timestamp":1784305154514,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":219,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"Rolls Royce@NTU Corporate Laboratory within the National Research Foundation under the CorpLab@University scheme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tits.2016.2634580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,10]],"date-time":"2017-01-10T14:24:31Z","timestamp":1484058271000},"page":"1993-2016","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":436,"title":["Video Processing From Electro-Optical Sensors for Object Detection and Tracking in a Maritime Environment: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3693-6973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilip K.","family":"Prasad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepu","family":"Rajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Rachmawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eshan","family":"Rajabally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chai","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.18.21"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238632"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2014.6836059"},{"key":"ref174","author":"nowlan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soft competitive adaptation Neural network learning algorithms based on fitting statistical mixtures"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5014-9_12"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868685"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1996.0021"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.25"},{"key":"ref168","first-page":"1558","article-title":"Network flow algorithms for structured sparsity","author":"mairal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2426656.2426686"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"230","article-title":"Infrared image segmentation by combining fractal geometry with wavelet transformation","volume":"182","author":"tu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens Transducers"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"89072h-1","article-title":"Research on infrared ship detection method in sea-sky background","volume":"8907","author":"tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"92490n-1","article-title":"Ship recognition for improved persistent tracking with descriptor localization and compact representations","volume":"9249","author":"van den broek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.392513"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.799813"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"69690b-1","article-title":"Discriminating small extended targets at sea from clutter and other classes of boats in infrared and visual light imagery","volume":"6969","author":"van den broek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19990321"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.719217"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"92730e-1","article-title":"Real-time automatic small infrared target detection using local spectral filtering in the frequency","volume":"9273","author":"chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"909107-1","article-title":"Recognition of ships for long-term tracking","volume":"9091","author":"van den broek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2012.6288171"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2419084"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2010.939739"},{"key":"ref184","first-page":"60","article-title":"Fuzzy statistical modeling of dynamic backgrounds for moving object detection in infrared videos","author":"baf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comp Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-009-0285-8"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.924285"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-015-9318-z"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2015.2419737"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2015.7351664"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMSP.2014.6958814"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Horizon line detection in marine images: Which method to choose?","volume":"6","author":"gershikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Adv Intell Syst"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"93011l-1","article-title":"Infrared small target enhancement by using sequential top-hat filters","volume":"9301","author":"zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2336549"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/7.53409"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FSKD.2012.6233916"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.568929"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11558484_43"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPSN.2014.6846737"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.1994.397874"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"73061n-1","article-title":"Automated intelligent video surveillance system for ships","volume":"7306","author":"wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203116"},{"key":"ref50","author":"gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Digital Image Processing"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2005.847234"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MAES.2011.5871388"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IITA.2008.302"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2003.1211453"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02533839.2000.9670538"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/8.7.13"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2012.6470031"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.112"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.54"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.213"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868680"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.730558"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Algorithms for visual maritime surveillance with rapidly moving camera","author":"fefilatyev","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-8840-7","volume":"27","author":"romeny","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front-End Vision and Multi-Scale Image Analysis Multi-Scale Computer Vision Theory and Applications Written in Mathematica"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156855303769156983"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2004.834880"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.341340"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"A vision system for horizon tracking and object recognition for micro air vehicles","author":"todorovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Florida Conf Recent Adv Robot"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"617","article-title":"Towards flight autonomy: Vision-based horizon detection for micro air vehicles","author":"ettinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Florida Conf Recent Adv Robot"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.2006.1642132"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"76401-1","article-title":"Small infrared target fusion detection based on support vector machines in the wavelet domain","volume":"45","author":"wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt Eng"},{"key":"ref167","first-page":"64","article-title":"Learning with dynamic group sparsity","author":"huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref166","first-page":"1","article-title":"Robust estimation of foreground in surveillance videos by sparse error estimation","author":"dikmen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref165","first-page":"155","article-title":"Compressive sensing for background subtraction","author":"cevher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37410-4_28"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"662","article-title":"Background subtraction for non-stationary scenes","author":"matsuyama","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Asian Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238641"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868684"},{"key":"ref160","first-page":"10","article-title":"Understanding background mixture models for foreground segmentation","author":"power","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2419.2000.00143.x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4031\/MTSJ.47.5.5"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1990.0009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2009.2020853"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2010.0001"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2011.2125450"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-f-2.1990.0010"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2266661"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2001.937541"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(97)00055-3"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.2007558"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Attenuation of electromagnetic radiation by haze, fog, clouds, and rain","author":"chen","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Challenges in video based object detection in maritime scenario using computer vision","author":"prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc 19th Int Conf Connected Vehicles"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2013.6739579"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2015.1163"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.357157"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3582855"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"169","article-title":"Multispectral target detection and tracking for seaport video surveillance","author":"inacio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Image Vis Comput"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Integrated visual information for maritime surveillance","author":"bloisi","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Clean Mobility Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383267"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1979.4310076"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22836-0_9"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1999.0833"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598236"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.818330"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Saliency detection using phase spectrum of quaternion Fourier transform","author":"guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1999.784637"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/957016.957017"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTA.2008.89"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2012.06.028"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.33.002491"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2016.7848237"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2014.04.001"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"241","article-title":"Small target detection under the sea using multi-scale spectral residual and maximum symmetric surround","author":"yao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Fuzzy Syst Knowl Discovery"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2013-42"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2390832.2390846"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2010.2046330"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2000.902997"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIPR.2001.991219"},{"key":"ref197","first-page":"28","article-title":"A boosted particle filter: Multitarget detection and tracking","author":"okuma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-007-0075-7"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007939232436"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.20.6"},{"key":"ref194","first-page":"234","article-title":"Semi-supervised on-line boosting for robust tracking","author":"grabner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2006.256"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.226"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.11.005"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01215814"},{"key":"ref190","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spatio-temporal patches for night background modeling by subspace learning","author":"zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref93","first-page":"1","article-title":"BGSLibrary: An OpenCV C++ background subtraction library","author":"sobral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 9th Workshop Vis Comput (WVC)"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1998.698583"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"177","article-title":"Daytime water detection by fusing multiple cues for autonomous off-road navigation","author":"rankin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Transformat Sci Technol Current Future Force (With CD-ROM)"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315181"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1233909"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2003.1247197"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.920892"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2007.907851"},{"key":"ref96","first-page":"751","article-title":"Non-parametric model for background subtraction","author":"elgammal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref97","first-page":"674","article-title":"An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision","volume":"2","author":"lucas","year":"1981","journal-title":"Proc IJCAI"},{"key":"ref82","author":"everingham","year":"2016","journal-title":"The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge 2012 (VOC2012) Results"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1117\/12.364049","article-title":"Max-mean and max-median filters for detection of small targets","volume":"3809","author":"deshpande","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.552101"},{"key":"ref89","first-page":"15\/1","article-title":"target identification in a complex maritime scene","author":"voles","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEE Colloquium on Motion Analysis and Tracking"},{"key":"ref85","first-page":"324","article-title":"Nautical scene segmentation using variable size image windows and feature space reclustering","author":"voles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"471","article-title":"Variational motion segmentation with level sets","author":"brox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.323656"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.951425"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24670-1_1"},{"key":"ref101","author":"koller","year":"1994","journal-title":"Robust multiple car tracking with occlusion reasoning"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2003.1238312"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.865191"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.1996.0006"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.382974"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-4882-4"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-005-6206-0"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2011.6126418"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2012.132"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459334"},{"key":"ref206","first-page":"282","article-title":"Object segmentation by long term analysis of point trajectories","author":"brox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1970392.1970395"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.602511"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2011.239"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.675"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.143"},{"key":"ref215","first-page":"441","article-title":"Survey of the problem of object detection in real images","volume":"6","author":"prasad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Image Process"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2012.06.010"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20367"},{"key":"ref218","article-title":"Method and system for surveillance of vessels","author":"chew","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref219","article-title":"Anti-collision warning system for marine vehicle and anticollision analysis method","author":"waquet","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref127","article-title":"Exploiting texture-motion duality in optical flow and image segmentation","author":"ross","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1033221"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1114019"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-47969-4_16"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90024-2"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000022288.19776.77"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBIO.2015.7414628"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1017623"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.68"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.868683"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"3061","article-title":"Background modeling and subtraction by codebook construction","volume":"5","author":"kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Image Process"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2012.10.001"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/609801"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2010.2042645","article-title":"Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions","volume":"19","author":"tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2326776"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539817"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.110"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.70738"},{"key":"ref142","first-page":"175","article-title":"Image segmentation in video sequences: A probabilistic approach","author":"friedman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc 13th Conf Uncertainty Artif Intell"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45053-X_22"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087096"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA520187"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"93","article-title":"Situation awareness in remote control centres for unmanned ships","author":"porathe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human Factors in Ship Design & Operation"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2001.937532"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2014.10.007"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.784043"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2002.1046148"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nav.3800020109"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/246309"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.481539"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1979.1102177"},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"343","article-title":"Contour tracking by stochastic propagation of conditional density","author":"isard","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Eur Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref111","author":"tomasi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Detection and tracking of point features"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298823"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"214","article-title":"Computer vision face tracking for use in a perceptual user interface","author":"bradski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Workshop Appl Comput Vis (WACV)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/74.979367"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.068"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001409007594"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-013-0554-5"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"141","article-title":"Automatic maritime surveillance with visual target detection","author":"bloisi","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Defense and Homeland Security Simulation Workshop"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2006.25"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.854"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2006.06.015"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"748209-1","article-title":"Polynomial background estimation using visible light video streams for robust automatic detection in a maritime environment","volume":"7482","author":"van valkenburg-van haarst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc SPIE"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.1994.576243"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2011.03.009"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2004.1315179"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2004.07.013"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01420984"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICINFA.2010.5512258"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.411823"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874479610801010032"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.1999.791228"},{"key":"ref121","first-page":"193","article-title":"Adaptive background estimation and foreground detection using Kalman-filtering","author":"ridder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Recent Advances Mechatronics"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2378034"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2015.04.016"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/6979\/7997970\/07812788.pdf?arnumber=7812788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T11:41:08Z","timestamp":1641987668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7812788\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"references-count":219,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tits.2016.2634580","relation":{},"ISSN":["1524-9050","1558-0016"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1524-9050","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0016","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}}}