{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T02:39:28Z","timestamp":1784860768215,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,1]],"date-time":"2024-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711929600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFB3209801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFB3209801"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023M740264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023M740264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2024.3380244","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T18:48:35Z","timestamp":1711046915000},"page":"4606-4620","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["4D mmWave Radar for Autonomous Driving Perception: A Comprehensive Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8767-7123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5632-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8902-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanmeng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0398-065X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waytous Company Ltd., Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7429-031X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Management and Control of Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-5272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongpu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Green Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3290016"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3297735"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.106016"},{"issue":"24","key":"ref4","article-title":"Parallel radars: From digital twins to digital intelligence for smart radar systems","volume-title":"Sensors","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2024.124251"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3125679"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3347952"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2023.3326169"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","article-title":"YOLOv5s-Fog: An improved model based on YOLOv5s for object detection in foggy weather scenarios","volume-title":"Sensors","volume":"23","author":"Meng","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1795","article-title":"Image-based traffic signal control via world models","volume-title":"Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng.","volume":"23","author":"Dai","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2022.3227209"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3150715"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"617","article-title":"Supermodular interference suppression game for multistatic MIMO radar networks and multiple jammers with multiple targets","volume-title":"Front. Inf. Technol. Electron. Eng.","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2023.3330956"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"A new wave in robotics: Survey on recent mmWave radar applications in robotics","author":"Harlow","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"4D millimeter-Wave radar in autonomous driving: A survey","author":"Han","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2016.2628914"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/EuRAD58043.2023.10289319"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rsn.2018.5075"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"A radar signal processing study on PMCW and FMCW radar systems","author":"Sakhnini","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2022.3229629"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2021.3071601"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2023.3335605"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CISCE58541.2023.10142740"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3311102"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSIT53264.2022.9716436"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3167733"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2019.2926573"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01651"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1969.7278"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/maes.2023.3334689"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DTPI59677.2023.10365427"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2018.11.002"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123447"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21062140"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2023.3326136"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2021.3128808"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DTPI59677.2023.10365480"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2021.3085827"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2022.105893"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2022.3220435"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2020.1003180"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"3819","article-title":"K-radar: 4D radar object detection for autonomous driving in various weather conditions","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Paek","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Deep learning on radar centric 3D object detection","author":"Lee","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2022.3219643"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"86","article-title":"Ego-motion estimation and dynamic motion separation from 3D point clouds for accumulating data and improving 3D object detection","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE AmE Automot. Meets Electron.; 14. GMM Symp.","author":"Palmer","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"RTNH+: Enhanced 4D radar object detection network using combined CFAR-based two-level preprocessing and vertical encoding","author":"Kong","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3322729"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV55152.2023.10186820"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8070-3_38"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113854"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15112923"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3341698"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3308152"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3264658"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2023-01-7088"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3331972"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC48978.2021.9564904"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3321240"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tim.2023.3280525"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"See beyond seeing: Robust 3D object detection from point clouds via cross-modal hallucination","author":"Deng","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9982123"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2022.3230265"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2022.3147324"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Dual radar: A multi-modal dataset with dual 4D radar for autononous driving","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC55140.2022.9922539"},{"key":"ref67","article-title":"WaterScenes: A multi-task 4D radar-camera fusion dataset and benchmark for autonomous driving on water surfaces","author":"Yao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS47612.2022.9981778"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15184433"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11370-024-00515-8"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3311102"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3266669"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"Doppler-only single-scan 3D vehicle odometry","author":"Galeote-Luque","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Multi-radar inertial odometry for 3D state estimation using mmwave imaging radar","author":"Huang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3301290"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48891.2023.10160670"},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"129","article-title":"Automotive radar dataset for deep learning based 3D object detection","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 16th Eur. Radar Conf.","author":"Meyer","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02783649211068535"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2023.3307005"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC57777.2023.10422606"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"133","article-title":"Deep learning based 3D object detection for automotive radar and camera","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 16th Eur. Radar Conf.","author":"Meyer","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/7274857\/10555388\/10477463.pdf?arnumber=10477463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T19:01:31Z","timestamp":1750100491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10477463\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tiv.2024.3380244","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-8904","2379-8858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-8904","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2379-8858","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}}}