{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T17:30:30Z","timestamp":1793035830222,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":232,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany","award":["FKZ 01IS22088Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01IS22088Y"]}]},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany","award":["FKZ 01IS22088W"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ 01IS22088W"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tiv.2024.3496797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T13:51:31Z","timestamp":1731678691000},"page":"4784-4803","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["AI Safety Assurance for Automated Vehicles: A Survey on Research, Standardization, Regulation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8166-3118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"Ullrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Automatic Control, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5973-0794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1651-014X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Dietmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Measurement, Control and Microtechnology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2865-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Knut","family":"Graichen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Automatic Control, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2017.04.004"},{"key":"ref2","article-title":"America\u2019s workforce and the self-driving future: Realizing productivity gains and spurring economic growth","author":"Mudge","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2023.3276218"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.21918"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.06.036"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC50938.2020.9256446"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Concrete problems in AI safety","author":"Amodei","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Scoping the OECD AI principles","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-021-00445-7"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3229233"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.19.237487"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2024.3474469","article-title":"Explainable AI for safe and trustworthy autonomous driving: A systematic review","author":"Kuznietsov","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626314"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.952773"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2949915"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101896"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"AI governance: A research agenda","volume":"1442","author":"Dafoe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Governance AI Program, Future Humanity Inst., Univ. Oxford, Oxford, U.K."},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Frontier AI regulation: Managing emerging risks to public safety","author":"Anderljung","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01502"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA46639.2022.9812107"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"6531","article-title":"Motion transformer with global intention localization and local movement refinement","volume-title":"Proc. 36th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Shi","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2024.3418522"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6834"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00203"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3165153"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.00061"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2024.3435937"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3327715"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.01499"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83903-1_10"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54549-9_13"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26250-1_23"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1908","article-title":"Catastrophic forgetting meets negative transfer: Batch spectral shrinkage for safe transfer learning","volume-title":"Proc. 32rd Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fine-tuning aligned language models compromises safety, even when users do not intend to!","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robot. Automat.","author":"Qi","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4204\/EPTCS.385.21"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Towards auditable AI systems","author":"Berghoff","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3195549"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-50077-5_2"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"3637","article-title":"Matching networks for one shot learning","volume-title":"Proc. 29th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Vinyals","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386252"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44668-0_13"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-05318-5_2"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomp.2023.1132580"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30179101u"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30392398u"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00023"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3032060"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"21464","article-title":"Energy-based out-of-distribution detection","volume-title":"Proc. 33th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Liu","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"14680","article-title":"Likelihood ratios for out-of-distribution detection","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ren","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99229-7_39"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.02154"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3293318"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2006.79"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16657-1_10"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Model-agnostic meta-learning for fast adaptation of deep networks","volume-title":"Proc. 34th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Finn","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2983149"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00395"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS45743.2020.9340696"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00978"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3259322"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2024.124383"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.04.007"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.1.3"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-40953-0_34"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Closing the gaps: Complexity and uncertainty in the safety assurance and regulation of automated driving","author":"Burton","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref69","first-page":"1334","article-title":"End-to-end training of deep visuomotor policies","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"23230","article-title":"Mismatched no more: Joint model-policy optimization for model-based RL","volume-title":"Proc. 35th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Eysenbach","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Bridging the gap between modular and end-to-end autonomous driving systems","author":"Leong","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Hauptuntersuchung","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00052"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1404.7828"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30462703"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30311257u"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/01898996"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30491581"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30491581u"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30426042u"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30479293"},{"key":"ref82","volume-title":"Cybersecurity  Artificial Intelligence  Guidance for Addressing Security Threats and Failures in Artificial Intelligence Systems"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30474431u"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30398261u"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30444392u"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30435894"},{"key":"ref87","volume-title":"Knstliche Intelligenz - Life Cycle Prozesse und Qualittsanforderungen - Teil 2: Robustheit","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30424810u"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30432296u"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30432296"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30504926"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/bsisoiec5259"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30504926"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30471937u"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30423476"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30371393"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30215542"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30205731"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30421230"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30455788u"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30425901u"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30416210u"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30402126"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30398263"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30470942"},{"key":"ref106","volume-title":"Information Technology  Artificial Intelligence  Overview of Differentiated Benchmarking of AI System Quality Characteristics"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2808444"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.2018.1800027"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2019.2963191"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2690902"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2023.100809"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2021.3089743"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004779"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOMSTD.001.1900044"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30314255"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30158185u"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30176786u"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30357682u"},{"key":"ref119","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Vehicular Communications; Basic Set of Applications; Part 2: Specification of Cooperative Awareness Basic Service","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref120","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); LTE-V2X Access layer specification for Intelligent Transport Systems operating in the 5GHz frequency band","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref121","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS); Profile for LTE-V2X Direct Communication","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30383921u"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30444597u"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30431883u"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30444595"},{"key":"ref126","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems  Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Supporting Intelligent Transport Systems  Use Cases"},{"key":"ref127","volume-title":"Intelligent Transport Systems  Operational Design Domain Boundary and Attribute Awareness for an Automated Driving System"},{"key":"ref128","volume-title":"Standard for Evaluation of Autonomous Products","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422337.3450357"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3304762"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2023.3345661"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240765.3243496"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3592538.3594273"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30431883"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30420162"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/j3061_202112"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30394083u"},{"key":"ref138","volume-title":"Road Vehicles  Software Update Engineering - Vehicle Configuration Information"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30486842u"},{"key":"ref140","volume-title":"Road Vehicles  Service-oriented Vehicle Diagnostics (SOVD)"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/pdisots23792"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/pdisots23792"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30448710u"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/pdisots23374"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30432288u"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26250-1_26"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30442970"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30442703u"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30444768u"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/j3206_202107"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30400634"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30405440u"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30463637"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30405437"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30405434u"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30463637"},{"key":"ref157","volume-title":"Road Vehicles  Test Object Monitoring and Control for Active Safety and Automated\/Autonomous Vehicle Testing  Functional Requirements, Specifications and Communication Protocol","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30379711"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30458294"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30400920u"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30437614"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/pdisots23792"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30433790"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30362357"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3403\/30394319u"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2019.103201"},{"key":"ref167","article-title":"Proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref168","article-title":"Artificial intelligence act: Council calls for promoting safe AI that respects fundamental rights","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref169","article-title":"Artificial intelligence act, amendments adopted by the European parliament on 14 Jun. 2023 on the proposal for a regulation of the European parliament and of the council on laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence act) and amending certain union legislative acts (COM(2021)0206C9-0146\/20212021\/0106(COD))","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref170","article-title":"Corrigendum to the position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on 13 Mar. 2024 with a view to the adoption of Regulation (EU) 2024\/... of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence and amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act) P9_TA(2024)0138","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref171","article-title":"Commission launches AI innovation package to support artificial intelligence startups and SMEs","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref172","article-title":"Council regulation (EU) 2021\/1173 on establishing the European high performance computing joint undertaking and repealing regulation (EU) 2018\/1488","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref173","article-title":"Commission implementing decision (EU) 2024\/458 on setting up the European digital infrastructure consortium for the alliance for language technologies (ALT-EDIC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref174","article-title":"Commission implementing decision (EU) 2024\/459 on setting up the European digital infrastructure consortium for networked local digital twins towards the CitiVERSE (LDT CitiVERSE EDIC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref175","article-title":"Blueprint for an AI bill of rights: Making automated systems work for the american people","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.ai.100-1"},{"key":"ref177","first-page":"241","article-title":"Civil rights act of 1964, Pubilc Law 88352","volume-title":"U. S. Statutes at Large","volume":"78","year":"1964"},{"key":"ref178","article-title":"Equal credit opportunity act, public law 93495","volume-title":"US Code, Title 15","year":"1974"},{"key":"ref179","first-page":"73","article-title":"Fair housing act, public law 90284","volume-title":"U. S. Statutes at Large","volume":"82","year":"1968"},{"key":"ref180","article-title":"Automated employment decision tools (AEDT)","volume-title":"New York City Local Law 144","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref181","article-title":"Senate bill 21-196","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref182","article-title":"Assembly bill 331","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref183","article-title":"Artificial intelligence 2023 legislation","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref184","article-title":"House Bill 1207","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref185","article-title":"House bill 7027","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref186","article-title":"House bill 311","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref187","article-title":"Senate bill 47","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref188","article-title":"Assembly bill 669","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref189","article-title":"Assembly bill 87","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref190","article-title":"Senate bill 260","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref191","article-title":"Senate bill 924","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref192","article-title":"Senate bill 219","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref193","article-title":"Senate file 302","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref194","article-title":"House bill 455","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref195","article-title":"House bill 6","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref196","article-title":"Legislature bill 989","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref197","article-title":"Assembly bill 511","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref198","article-title":"Assembly bill 69","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref199","article-title":"Senate bill 216","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref200","article-title":"House Bill 469","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref201","article-title":"Senate bill 2205","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref202","article-title":"Assembly bill 9508","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref203","article-title":"Senate bill 149","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref204","article-title":"Senate bill 17-213","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref205","article-title":"Senate bill 19-239","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref206","article-title":"Senate Bill 1298","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref207","article-title":"Assembly bill 1592","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref208","article-title":"Assembly bill 669","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref209","article-title":"Assembly bill 1444","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref210","article-title":"Assembly bill 1184","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref211","article-title":"Report autonomous vehiclesself-driving vehicles enacted legislation","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref212","article-title":"Notice on printing and distributing the action plan for promoting Big Data development by the state council","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref213","article-title":"Notice of the state council issuing the new generation of artificial intelligence development plan","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref214","article-title":"Developing responsible artificial intelligence: Release of the new generation of artificial intelligence governance principles","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref215","article-title":"The central committee of the communist party of China issues the outline for the implementation of the rule of law in society (2020-2025)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref216","article-title":"Notice on issuing the guiding opinions on strengthening the comprehensive governance of internet information service algorithms","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref217","article-title":"Ethical guidelines for the new generation of artificial intelligence","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref218","article-title":"Regulations on the management of internet information service algorithm recommendations","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref219","article-title":"Opinions on strengthening the governance of science and technology ethics","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref220","article-title":"Regulations on the deep synthesis management of internet information services","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref221","article-title":"Notice on public solicitation of opinions on the management measures for generative artificial intelligence services (draft)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref222","article-title":"Shanghai municipal regulation on the promotion of artificial intelligence industry","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref223","article-title":"Regulation on the promotion of artificial intelligence industry in shenzhen economic special zone","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref224","article-title":"China\u2019s tech hub shenzhen to invest US108 billion in R&D over 5 years","author":"Guo","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref225","article-title":"Regulation on intelligent connected vehicles in shenzhen special economic zone","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref226","article-title":"Shenzhen accelerates China\u2019s driverless car dreams","author":"Kirton","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref227","article-title":"Pan-Canadian artificial intelligence strategy","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref228","article-title":"Bill C-27, consumer privacy protection act, PART 3 artificial intelligence and data act","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref229","article-title":"AI strategy 2022 (tentative translation)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref230","article-title":"Social principles of human-centric AI","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref231","article-title":"Call for public comments on AI governance guidelines for implementation of AI principles ver. 1.0 opens","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref232","article-title":"Positionspapier: Ein rechtsrahmen fr knstliche intelligenz","author":"Thouvenin","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/7274857\/11236488\/10753514.pdf?arnumber=10753514","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T06:02:23Z","timestamp":1762840943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10753514\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":232,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tiv.2024.3496797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-8904","2379-8858"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-8904","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2379-8858","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}}}