{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T16:27:55Z","timestamp":1775838475318,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001381","name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001381","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tkde.2023.3275220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T17:39:16Z","timestamp":1683826756000},"page":"12750-12769","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Interoperability in Blockchain: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3622-604X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunpeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3864-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhut-Minh","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dumitrel","family":"Loghin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6521-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Toan","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4446-1100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beng Chin","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-7742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quang-Trung","family":"Ta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6077-4356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feida","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref57","article-title":"Gravity: A blockchain-agnostic cross-chain communication and data oracles protocol","author":"pupyshev","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366626.3368129"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"268","article-title":"Safety and liveness properties: A survey","volume":"53","author":"kindler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull Eur Assoc Theor Comput Sci"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"SuSy: A blockchain-agnostic cross-chain asset transfer gateway protocol based on gravity","author":"pupyshev","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"BTCRelay: Ethereum contract for bitcoin SPV","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108495"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"IvyCross: A trustworthy and privacy-preserving framework for blockchain interoperability","author":"li","year":"2021","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC54727.2022.9805554"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN44214.2019.8990860"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"RenVM white paper","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"RSK: Bitcoin powered smart contracts","author":"lerner","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00040"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00256"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3096124"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Polkadot: Vision for a heterogeneous multi-chain framework","author":"wood","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Cosmos: A network of distributed ledgers","author":"kwon","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS47774.2020.00161"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Hyperledger cactus: On the road to general blockchain integration","author":"somogyvari","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2022.04.012"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05519-w"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJWGS.2018.095647"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"Enabling blockchain innovations with pegged sidechains","author":"back","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15623\/ijret.2016.0509001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOLI48380.2019.8955032"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.02.027"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7020056"},{"key":"ref100","article-title":"Why is interoperability needed?","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0054156"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Wrapped bitcoin (WBTC) an ERC20 token backed 1:1 with bitcoin","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212734.3212736"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99073-6_6"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"ERC-721 non-fungible token standard","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751347"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Sidechains and interoperability","author":"johnson","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"The bitcoin lightning network: Scalable off-chain instant payments","author":"poon","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Blockchain technology overview","author":"yaga","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3299869.3319889"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978389"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108488"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3448016.3452789"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460287"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102471"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3106384"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/fm.v2i9.548"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Ethereum website","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ieeestd.1991.106963"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Alt chains and atomic transfers","author":"nolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bitcoin Forum"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Thorstarter lightpaper v1.2","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3363221"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00085"},{"key":"ref97","article-title":"Binance bridge website","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref96","article-title":"The interblockchain communication protocol: An overview","author":"goes","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Binance exchange platform","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref99","article-title":"YUI","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3471140"},{"key":"ref98","article-title":"Introducing hyperledger FireFly, a multi-party system for enterprise data flows","author":"guyer","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Chain interoperability","volume":"9","author":"buterin","year":"2016","journal-title":"R3 Research Paper"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Interledger protocol V4 (ILPv4)","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64331-0_1"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"SoK: Exploring blockchains interoperability","author":"wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"ref93","article-title":"WeCross white paper","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref92","article-title":"Meet weaver, one of the new hyperledger labs taking on cross-chain and off-chain operations","author":"ramakrishna","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref95","article-title":"Substrate website","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3342263.3342275"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"Vision for osmosis","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Wormhole Network","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref89","article-title":"Multichain website","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"ref85","article-title":"How many transactions per second can Bitcoin really handle? Theoretically","author":"georgiadis","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3397230.3397231"},{"key":"ref87","author":"lazowska","year":"1984","journal-title":"Quantitative System Performance Computer System Analysis Using Queueing Network Models"},{"key":"ref82","article-title":"Implementation of the RenVM protocol","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref81","article-title":"Implementation of the XCLAIM protocol","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref84","article-title":"Interledger protocol (ILP): Spin up a local ILP network","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Implementation of the hash time lock contracts (HTLCs) protocol","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref80","article-title":"Implementation of the RSK protocol","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref79","article-title":"A blueprint for interoperable blockchains","author":"dinh","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3460319.3464837"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"The perun framework","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2911031"},{"key":"ref106","article-title":"The analysis and q&a of poly network being hacked","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2842460"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2019.00023"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978326"},{"key":"ref105","article-title":"Wormhole token bridge attack","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2019.2920154"},{"key":"ref102","article-title":"FISCO BCOS website","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"A protocol for interledger payments","author":"thomas","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3510397.3510406"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbvi.2019.e00151"},{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Blockchain explained","author":"hayes","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/JMC.2009.004"},{"key":"ref111","article-title":"Hundred finance loses 6.5 million in DeFi reentrancy attack","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-54455-3_38"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WETSEB.2019.00008"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.11.029"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Combining GHOST and casper","author":"buterin","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref110","article-title":"Really stupid smart contract bug let hackers steal 31 million in digital coin","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3465084.3467904"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51280-4_10"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-93043-1_2"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"781","article-title":"Succinct non-interactive zero knowledge for a von Neumann architecture","author":"ben-sasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 23rd USENIX Secur Symp"},{"key":"ref115","article-title":"Hundred finance audit by WhiteHatDAO","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref63","article-title":"The economics of Bitcoin mining, or Bitcoin in the presence of adversaries","author":"kroll","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 12th Workshop Econ Inf Secur"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46214.2022.9833731"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355460"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243780"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2018.00120"},{"key":"ref114","article-title":"Understanding the DAO attack","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149.214121"},{"key":"ref62","article-title":"Strong federations: An interoperable blockchain solution to centralized third party risks","author":"dilley","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/3364324.3364326"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/69\/10311056\/10123097.pdf?arnumber=10123097","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T20:53:48Z","timestamp":1702328028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10123097\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tkde.2023.3275220","relation":{},"ISSN":["1041-4347","1558-2191","2326-3865"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1041-4347","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-2191","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2326-3865","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]}}}