{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T12:56:22Z","timestamp":1778158582479,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-009"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-001"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"US National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0910221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0910221"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"US National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1123823"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1123823"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"ONR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N00014-13-C-0029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-13-C-0029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2016.2594775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,27]],"date-time":"2016-07-27T18:42:33Z","timestamp":1469644953000},"page":"277-289","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Can a Non-Cognitive Learning Companion Increase the Effectiveness of a Meta-Cognitive Learning Strategy?"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kurt","family":"VanLehn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lishan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Winslow","family":"Burleson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoalli","family":"Hidago-Pontet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","author":"newell","year":"1972","journal-title":"Human Problem Solving"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Learning how to construct models of dynamic systems: The effectiveness of the Dragoon intelligent tutoring system","author":"vanlehn","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Learn Technol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2010.09.019"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13388-6_29"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2009.00317.x"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30139-4_56","article-title":"Pedagogical agent design: The impact of agent realism, gender, ethnicity and instructional role","author":"baylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/651191"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000039"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0904_2"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30950-2_3"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"408","article-title":"We learn better together: Enhancing eLearning with emotional characters","author":"maldonado","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of Computer Supported Collaborative Learning 2005 The Next 10 Years!"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2008.10.008"},{"key":"ref2","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Next Generation Science Standards For States by States"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACII.2009.5349555"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2006.00210.x"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21869-9_16"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2011.41"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"95","article-title":"Simulating instructional roles through pedagogical agents","volume":"15","author":"baylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Ed"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2007.00339.x","article-title":"The case for caring colearners: The effects of a computer-mediated colearner agent on trust and learning","volume":"57","author":"lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.215"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.1.5"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"197","article-title":"Towards systems that care: A conceptual framework based on motivation, metacognition and affect","volume":"20","author":"du boulay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Ed"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.02.015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139049580.005"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032674"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-AFFC.2010.1"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.722805"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.95.2.256"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_62"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13388-6_37"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALT.2011.157"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_39","article-title":"Adapting to when students game an intelligent tutoring system","author":"baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00571080"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"3","article-title":"A review of computer-based model research in precollege science classroom","volume":"16","author":"stratford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comput Math Sci Teaching"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2013.11.002"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2013.803125"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.07.004"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"Mind reading machines: Automated inference of complex mental states","author":"el kaliouby","year":"2005","journal-title":"Technical Report UCAM-CL-TR"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543066002099"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJLT.2009.028804"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_108"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2007.69"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"17","article-title":"Emotional sensors go to school","author":"arroyo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Artif Intell Educ"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"313","article-title":"Benefits of virtual characters in computer-based learning enviornments: Claims and evidence","volume":"14","author":"gulz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Artif Intell Ed"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"25","article-title":"Meta-cognitive strategy instruction in intelligent tutoring systems: How, when and why","volume":"13","author":"chi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Edu Technol Soc"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_80"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"195","article-title":"Repairing disengagement with non-invasive interventions","author":"arroyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Education"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielaam\/4620076\/8048206\/7523430-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/8048206\/07523430.pdf?arnumber=7523430","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T18:52:19Z","timestamp":1649443939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7523430\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2016.2594775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]}}}