{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T07:00:39Z","timestamp":1777100439761,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]],"date-time":"2018-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005246","name":"Institute of Education Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000138","name":"U.S. Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R305A140647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R305A140647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000138","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007270","name":"University of Michigan","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2017.2720738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,28]],"date-time":"2017-06-28T18:08:04Z","timestamp":1498673284000},"page":"362-375","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Predicting Students Disengaged Behaviors in an Online Meaning-Generation Task"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1893-4878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SungJin","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Gwen","family":"Frishkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kevyn","family":"Collins-Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","year":"2015","journal-title":"R A language and environment for statistical computing R foundation for statistical computing"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.4.907"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"284","article-title":"Reengineering the feature distillation process: A case study in detection of gaming the system","author":"paquette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Educational Data Mining"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-009-9065-5"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9045-6"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-20267-9_15"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315647500-6","article-title":"Dynamic support of contextual vocabulary\n acquisition for reading (dscovar): An intelligent tutor for contextual word learning","author":"frishkoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adaptive Educational Technol Literacy Instruction"},{"key":"ref36","author":"beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bringing words to life Robust Vocabulary Instruction"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.41.4.5"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Gates-macginitie reading test (GMRT) 4th edition","author":"macginitie","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30139-4_50","article-title":"Detecting student misuse of intelligent tutoring systems","author":"baker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Tutoring Syst"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Learning Bayesian network model structure from data","author":"margaritis","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2010.14"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088545","article-title":"The\n architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex","volume":"302","author":"koechlin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1076358"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025048802629"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"A dynamic mixture model to detect student motivation and proficiency","author":"johns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Nat Conf Artificial Intell"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0959354394044004"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2006.00443.x"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.12.010"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14\ufffd681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206608109","article-title":"Lesion mapping of cognitive control and\n value-based decision making in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"109","author":"gl\u00e4scher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nat Academy Sci"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"185","article-title":"Why students engage in &#x201C;gaming the system","volume":"19","author":"baker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Interact Learn Res"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2010.07.004"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240785"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Repairing disengagement with non-invasive\n interventions","volume":"2007","author":"arroyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Artificial Intell Educ"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13437-1_17","article-title":"Integrating learning and\n engagement in narrative-centered learning environments","author":"rowe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Tutoring Syst"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21\ufffd842","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009956107","article-title":"Trial-to-trial variability of the prefrontal neurons reveals the nature of their engagement in\n a motion discrimination task","volume":"107","author":"hussar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Nat Academy Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01099821"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"13","article-title":"Using response times to model student disengagement","author":"beck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc ITS2004 Workshop Social Emotional Intell Learn Environments"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1007\/11774303_38","article-title":"Detection and analysis of off-task gaming behavior in intelligent tutoring\n systems","author":"walonoski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Tutoring Syst"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39583-8_28","article-title":"Impact of question difficulty on engagement and learning","author":"papou\u0161ek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Intell Tutoring Syst"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"197","article-title":"Eliciting motivation knowledge from log files towards motivation diagnosis for adaptive systems","author":"cocea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf User Modeling"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Effect of student ability and question difficulty on duration","author":"ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Educational Data Mining"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00044-3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/H3W1-8321-1260-1443"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00851-1"},{"key":"ref42","author":"pearl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems Networks of Plausible Inference"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2460296.2460330"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning Bayesian networks with the bnlearn r package","volume":"35","author":"scutari","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Statist Software"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.21229"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using\n lme4","author":"bates","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v34i3.2484"},{"key":"ref43","author":"tremblay","year":"2015","journal-title":"U of Copenhagen LMERConvenienceFunctions Model Selection and Post-hoc Analysis for (G)LMER Models r package version 2 10"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"42","article-title":"Capturing &#x201C;attrition\n intensifying","author":"sinha","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMNLP Workshop on Modeling Large Scale Social Interaction in Massively Open Online Courses"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/8471278\/07961199.pdf?arnumber=7961199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T10:42:35Z","timestamp":1643193755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/7961199\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2017.2720738","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,1]]}}}