{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T10:44:34Z","timestamp":1780051474034,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2020.3027661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,29]],"date-time":"2020-09-29T20:13:12Z","timestamp":1601410392000},"page":"878-888","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["What Do Linguistic Expressions Tell Us about Learners\u2019 Confusion? A Domain-Independent Analysis in MOOCs"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0632-4482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thushari","family":"Atapattu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0309-4332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Falkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menasha","family":"Thilakaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lavendini","family":"Sivaneasharajah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rangana","family":"Jayashanka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.2012.00460.x"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.2.381"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-016-0743-z"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511894664"},{"key":"ref31","author":"pennebaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count Liwc 2001"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"MOOCs are really a platform","author":"seimens","year":"0"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5749\/j.ctttv2st"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0163853X.2014.910723"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"218","article-title":"Learning instructor intervention from MOOC forums: Early results and issues","author":"chandrasekaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v8i1.14550","article-title":"VADER: A parsimonious rule-based model for sentiment analysis of social media text","author":"hutto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int AAAI Conf Weblogs Social Media"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1141"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2012.05.003"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024974"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"52","article-title":"Exploring the effect of student confusion in massive open online courses","volume":"8","author":"yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1","article-title":"MOOCs as disruptive technologies: Strategies for enhancing the learner experience and quality of MOOCs","volume":"39","author":"conole","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista de Educación a Distancia"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2005.07.009"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2018.2856808"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2018.00049"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"43","article-title":"Automatically recognizing facial expression: predicting engagement and frustration","author":"grafsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 6th Int Conf Data Mining"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027442"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2014.06.005"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3027385.3027448"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.08.001"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2724677"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_6"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"297","article-title":"YouEDU: Addressing confusion in MOOC discussion forums by recommending instructional video clips","author":"agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc 8th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2012.10"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633116674732"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.11.002","article-title":"Needle in a haystack: Identifying learner posts that require urgent response in MOOC discussion forums","volume":"118","author":"omaima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Educ"},{"key":"ref1","first-page":"289","article-title":"Confusion","author":"d'mello","year":"2014","journal-title":"International handbook of emotions in education"},{"key":"ref46","author":"manning","year":"2009","journal-title":"An Introduction to Information Retrieval"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11257-007-9037-6"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-4105"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"126","article-title":"Towards sensor-free affect detection in cognitive tutor algebra","author":"baker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 5th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"176","article-title":"Affective e-learning: Using “emotional” data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment","volume":"12","author":"shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Educ Technol Soc"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"570","article-title":"Predicting learner's project performance with dialogue features in online qanda discussions","author":"yoo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc 11th Int Conf Intell Tut Syst"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"404","article-title":"Your actions or your associates? Predicting certification and dropout in MOOCs with behavioral and social features","author":"gitinabard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"130","article-title":"Sentiment analysis in MOOC discussion forums: What does it tell us?","author":"wen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc 7th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"272","article-title":"Learner affect through the looking glass: Characterization and detection of confusion in online courses","author":"zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2728679"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"The stanford MOOCPosts data set","author":"agrawal","year":"0"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883964"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2876034.2893427"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/9298488\/09208767.pdf?arnumber=9208767","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T05:21:12Z","timestamp":1669008072000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9208767\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2020.3027661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}}}