{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T19:43:16Z","timestamp":1761766996076,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1915724"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1915724"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2021.3123266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T19:35:45Z","timestamp":1635363345000},"page":"665-679","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["New Methods for Confusion Detection in Course Forums: Student, Teacher, and Machine"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shay A.","family":"Geller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-8572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kobi","family":"Gal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Kamali","family":"Sripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Hyunsoo G.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marc T.","family":"Facciotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Igo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Hoernle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Karger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"article-title":"Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space","year":"2013","author":"mikolov","key":"ref39"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-6208"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevPhysEducRes.12.020143"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208326"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"3079","article-title":"Semi-supervised sequence learning","author":"dai","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 29th Conf Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2883851.2883964"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3231644.3231648"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"241","article-title":"Enhanced sentiment learning using Twitter hashtags and smileys","author":"davidov","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 23rd Int Conf Comput Linguistics Posters"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"The reliability, validity, and utility of self-assessment","volume":"11","author":"ross","year":"2006","journal-title":"Practical Assessment Res Eval"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3051457.3054014"},{"article-title":"EduBERT: Pretrained deep language models for learning analytics","year":"2019","author":"clavi\u00e9","key":"ref27"},{"article-title":"Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","year":"2018","author":"devlin","key":"ref29"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2012.05.003"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3702_4"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07370000802212669"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193225"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"19","author":"vanlehn","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toward a Theory of Impasse-Driven Learning"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39112-5_44"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021017"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info8030092"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2015.08.001"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1143844.1143874"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"193","article-title":"Markov networks for detecting overlapping elements in sequence data","volume":"17","author":"craven","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1102351.1102407"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2004.07.016"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"YouEDU: Addressing confusion in MOOC discussion forums by recommending instructional video clips","author":"agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"Learner affect through the looking glass: Characterization and detection of confusion in online courses","author":"zeng","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Educ Data Mining"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"7","article-title":"Preprocessing techniques for text mining&#x2013;An overview","volume":"5","author":"vijayarani ilamathi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Comput Sci Commun Netw"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12024"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"589","article-title":"#confused and beyond: Detecting confusion in course forums using students&#x2019; hashtags","author":"a","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 10th Int Conf Learn Analytics Knowl"},{"journal-title":"Smart Schools Better Thinking and Learning for Every Child","year":"1992","author":"perkins","key":"ref14"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203981528"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"61","article-title":"Three types of conceptual change: Belief revision, mental model transformation, and categorical shift","author":"chi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Int Handbook Res Conceptual Change"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2018.00049"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0735633116674732"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"55","article-title":"Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning","volume":"2","author":"bjork","year":"0","journal-title":"Psychology and the Real World Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"56","article-title":"The relationships between sequences of affective states and learner achievement","author":"rodrigo","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 18th Int Conf Comput Educ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-873X.2006.00364.x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.01.015"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2724660.2724677"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19773-9_68"},{"article-title":"Huggingface's transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing","year":"2019","author":"wolf","key":"ref49"},{"article-title":"The stanford MOOCPosts dataset","year":"2014","author":"agrawal","key":"ref9"},{"article-title":"An identification of learners&#x2019; confusion through language and discourse analysis","year":"2019","author":"atapattu","key":"ref46"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.11.002"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1613715.1613742"},{"journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC)","year":"1999","author":"pennebaker","key":"ref47"},{"article-title":"Improving text classification by using conceptual and contextual features","year":"2000","author":"jensen","key":"ref42"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"133","article-title":"Using TF-IDF to determine word relevance in document queries","volume":"242","author":"ramos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc 1st Instructional Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref44","volume":"71","author":"pennebaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count LIWC"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/4620076\/9686548\/9591332-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/9686548\/09591332.pdf?arnumber=9591332","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T14:52:44Z","timestamp":1652194364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9591332\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2021.3123266","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1939-1382"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2372-0050"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}