{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:54:30Z","timestamp":1776275670402,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,1]],"date-time":"2024-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704067200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61976050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61976050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61972384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61972384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, China","award":["2021BCF01002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BCF01002"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education Social Science Research Planning Project","award":["JJKH20221137SK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20221137SK"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education Social Science Research Planning Project","award":["JJKH20231252SK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20231252SK"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2023.3324714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,16]],"date-time":"2023-10-16T18:00:44Z","timestamp":1697479244000},"page":"629-641","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Unleashing ChatGPT's Power: A Case Study on Optimizing Information Retrieval in Flipped Classrooms via Prompt Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2245-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2561-3420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minjuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Learning Design and Technology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4259-6047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1748-2157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lanqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0653-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dunbo","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Technology Research and Innovation, China Mobile (Suzhou) Software Technology Company Ltd., Suzhou, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6226-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minghao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"A comprehensive survey of AI-generated content (AIGC): A history of generative AI from GAN to ChatGPT","author":"Cao","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7947","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00288-7","article-title":"ChatGPT: Five priorities for research","volume":"614","author":"Dis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"27730","article-title":"Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.26"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11101579"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27850"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Machine learning for synthetic data generation: A review","author":"Lu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006807604770483"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.07.021"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"Flip Your Classroom: Reach Every Student in Every Class Every Day","author":"Bergmann","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.02.056"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3200398"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-018-9633-7"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2021.100393"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TALE48000.2019.9225974"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmerr.8.5.813-818"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35199\/EPDE.2021.19"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3430895.3460134"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TELE55498.2022.9801001"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80504-3_14"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-022-09338-x"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2021.654924"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2023.1175715"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13040410"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"1877","article-title":"Language models are few-shot learners","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Brown","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models","author":"Wang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"10764","article-title":"PAL: Program-aided language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Gao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"22199","article-title":"Large language models are zero-shot reasoners","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Kojima","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Best practices for prompt engineering with OpenAI API","author":"Shieh","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"3843","article-title":"Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Lewkowycz","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"PALM: Scaling language modeling with pathways","author":"Chowdhery","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53761\/1.20.02.07"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4335905"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-023-00795-x"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Hierarchical text-conditional image generation with clip latents","author":"Ramesh","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Evaluating large language models trained on code","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training Gopher","author":"Rae","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","first-page":"5485","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.23589741.v1","article-title":"A survey on large language models: Applications, challenges, limitations, and practical usage","author":"Hadi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2195846"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"ChatGPT is a knowledgeable but inexperienced solver: An investigation of commonsense problem in large language models","author":"Bian","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.2478\/sjph-2023-0015","article-title":"New challenges in scientific publications: Referencing, artificial intelligence and ChatGPT","volume":"62","author":"vab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Slovenian J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/8691095"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"Is ChatGPT smarter than a student in principles of economics?","author":"Geerling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Social Sci. Res. Netw."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08982112.2023.2206479"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"Words are flowing out like endless rain into a paper cup: ChatGPT & law school assessments","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000198"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/45312"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Mathematical capabilities of ChatGPT","author":"Frieder","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/ks365","article-title":"ChatGPT a breakthrough in science and education: Can it fail a test?","author":"Szabo","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTW58534.2023.00078"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3216276"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3248155"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3225432"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2023.3314610"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-023-00237-x"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3589649"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.2.7653"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159x.2023.2271159"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202302.0400.v1","article-title":"Artificial intelligence use in university: Should we ban ChatGPT?","author":"Al-Worafi","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52876\/jcs.1227392"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37074\/jalt.2023.6.1.9"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41039-016-0044-2"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03782-0"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2184392"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4324310"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2023.102274"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5038\/2771-5957.2.1.1016"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-3608-3_15"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-34411-4_32"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adg7879"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000205"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4337484"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON54358.2023.10125121"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-37776-1_17"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4312418"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1553\/giscience2023_01_s140","article-title":"Ch(e)atGPT? An anecdotal approach on the impact of ChatGPT on teaching and learning GIScience","author":"Stutz","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14703297.2023.2190148"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNS58795.2023.10192993"},{"key":"ref83","article-title":"Prompt engineering for ChatGPT: A quick guide to techniques, tips, and best practices","author":"Ekin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3560815"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3491102.3501825"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aiopen.2022.11.003"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Wei","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref88","article-title":"Large language models are human-level prompt engineers","author":"Zhou","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3451760"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acalib.2023.102720"},{"key":"ref91","article-title":"A prompt pattern catalog to enhance prompt engineering with ChatGPT","author":"White","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-023-03272-4"},{"key":"ref93","volume-title":"How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education","volume":"7","author":"Fraenkel","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cc.193"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4620076\/10376229\/10285884.pdf?arnumber=10285884","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T07:45:33Z","timestamp":1725695133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10285884\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":94,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2023.3324714","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}