{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:39:15Z","timestamp":1785368355258,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of High-end Heavy-load Robots\/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Technology for Household Appliances Open Fund Project","award":["GJJZ20250104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJJZ20250104"]}]},{"name":"Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["25ZYJF001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ZYJF001"]}]},{"name":"Supercomputing Center of Lanzhou University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2025.3626545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:34:14Z","timestamp":1761672854000},"page":"1036-1047","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deep-Learning-Empowered Detection of Large-Language-Model-Based Generative Content in Educational Tasks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4263-9929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhao","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8054-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingguo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6460-8950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Binbin","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"LLaMA: Open and efficient foundation language models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2988510"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbah.2023.100022"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2023.3314610"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITT59889.2023.10184267"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212902"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.13302"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Is this abstract generated by AI? A research for the gap between AI-generated scientific text and human-written scientific text","author":"Ma","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/itor.13522"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ai1020008"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3115494"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.caeai.2024.100204"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TE.2024.3467912"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77857-6_17"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-36336-8_116"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2022.3226345"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7947-9_12"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"ChatGPT generated text detection","author":"Shijaku","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487288"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIEDS58326.2023.10137767"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"Defending Against Neural Fake News","author":"Zellers","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.501"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.25"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"How close is ChatGPT to human experts? Comparison corpus, evaluation, and detection","author":"Guo","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref26","article-title":"Empirical evaluation of gated recurrent neural networks on sequence modeling","author":"Chung","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/d14-1181"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1810.04805"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Fast-DetectGPT: Efficient zero-shot detection of machine-generated text via conditional probability curvature","author":"Bao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Glimpse: Enabling white-box methods to use proprietary models for zero-shot LLM-generated text detection","author":"Bao","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"24950","article-title":"DetectGPT: Zero-shot machine-generated text detection using probability curvature","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Mitchell","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/4620076\/10810756\/11219301.pdf?arnumber=11219301","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T18:40:54Z","timestamp":1765219254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11219301\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":33,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2025.3626545","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}