{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T18:18:46Z","timestamp":1770747526001,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/legalcode"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Platform for Society 5.0 at MEXT Japan","award":["JPMXP0518071489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMXP0518071489"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP24H00165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24H00165"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["24H00718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24H00718"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Learning Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tlt.2026.3658939","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:24:11Z","timestamp":1769721851000},"page":"35-50","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Virtual Robots in E-Learning: A Pathway to Enhanced Academic Self-Esteem, Math Performance, and Engagement in Children"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3980-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Devasena","family":"Pasupuleti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-259X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamed","family":"Mahzoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1331-9278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakai","family":"Kazuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0805-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ishiguro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yaswanth","family":"Bangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0918-6716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeevlochana G.","family":"Chittawadigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3484-0361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuichiro","family":"Yoshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-6-9"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"The Construction of the Self: Developmental and Sociocultural Foundations","author":"Harter","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/01650254231190926"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0048001"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12894"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Academic self-esteem, academic self-efficacy and academic achievement: A path analysis","volume":"5","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Psychol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jopy.12894"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14056"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem182"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijas.ijas_32_16"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2022.950766"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"27","article-title":"Do math apps help elementary school students? It depends","volume-title":"Proc. EdMedia","author":"Kay","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33193\/jalhss.64.2021.421"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24127\/ajpm.v11i1.4421"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci12070459"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/icalt.2014.65"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40617-024-00982-6"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"The impact of Khan Academy math Remediation on ninth grade student achievement","author":"Kelly","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.010"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801856-9.00007-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410608628-4"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"Positive Time-Out: And Over 50 Ways to Avoid Power Struggles in the Home and the Classroom","author":"Nelsen","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31893\/multiscience.2023ss0225"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aat5954"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1882","article-title":"The physical presence of a robot tutor increases cognitive learning gains","volume-title":"Proc. 34th Annu. Conf. Cogn. Sci. Soc.","author":"Leyzberg","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2909824.3020209"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753567"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"67","article-title":"The robot who tried too hard: Social behaviour of a robot tutor can negatively affect child learning","volume-title":"Proc. 10th Annu. ACM\/IEEE Int. Conf. Hum.-Robot Interact.","author":"Kennedy","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-24670-8_13"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref31","first-page":"15","article-title":"From learning machines to teaching robots. interaction for educational purposes between the social robot NAO and children: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Rossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. e-Learn. Knowl. Soc."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-023-10293-8"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-014-0277-4"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info16010029"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci13121216"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"1","article-title":"Generative large language models for dialog-based tutoring: An early consideration of opportunities and concerns","volume-title":"Proc. AIED Workshop Empowering Educ. LLMsNext-Gen Interface Content Gener","author":"Nye","year":"2023"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref37","first-page":"9","article-title":"Engaging or distracting: Children\u2019s tablet computer use in education","volume":"18","author":"McEwen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-020-09837-5"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"CommuA communication robot","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2004.1389967"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2007.4415207"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-015-0311-1"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1228716.1228736"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-010-0082-7"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2015.01.001"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2025.3598645"},{"key":"ref47","article-title":"Godot engineFree and open source 2D and 3D game engine","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref48","article-title":"BlenderOpen source 3D creation","author":"Foundation","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"47","article-title":"What clippy and tux can teach us: Incorporating affective aspects into pedagogy","volume":"1","author":"Schamp-Bjerede","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hgskolepedagogisk Debatt"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.43.3.450"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Elan (version 6.9) [computer software]","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559636.2559663"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t01843-000"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.17.1.81"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.56"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6916.2006.00010.x"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12746\/swrccc.v9i37.805"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli1104_01"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control","author":"Bandura","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2002.12086159"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131353"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967825"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/is.5.2.02rob"},{"key":"ref64","article-title":"Staying engaged in child-robot interaction: A quantitative approach to studying preschoolers\u2019 engagement with robots and tasks during second-language tutoring","author":"de Haas","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52291\/ijse.2021.36.10"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref66","first-page":"322","article-title":"Better to be frustrated than bored: The influence of affective states on learning and performance in intelligent tutoring systems","volume":"51","author":"Baker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep2501_2"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6237.2012.00935.x"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01474"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000709910X503501"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref72","first-page":"51","article-title":"The impact of self-esteem, academic self-efficacy, and perceived stress on academic performance: A cross-sectional study of saudi psychology students","volume":"4","author":"Mohsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Sci."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47992\/IJHSP.2581.6411.0021"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1994.tb01090.x"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v4n3p72"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40561-021-00168-5"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/4620076\/11353273\/11367484.pdf?arnumber=11367484","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T06:03:22Z","timestamp":1770703402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11367484\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":76,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tlt.2026.3658939","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1382","2372-0050"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1382","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2372-0050","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}