{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:32:25Z","timestamp":1768289545127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"RGC GRF","award":["15200321"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15200321"]}]},{"name":"RGC GRF","award":["15201322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15201322"]}]},{"name":"RGC GRF","award":["15230624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15230624"]}]},{"name":"RGC GRF","award":["15239925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15239925"]}]},{"name":"ITC","award":["ITF-ITS\/056\/22MX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITF-ITS\/056\/22MX"]}]},{"name":"ITC","award":["ITS\/052\/23MX"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITS\/052\/23MX"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-CDKK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-CDKK"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-CDMH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-CDMH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004377","name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-BBBG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-BBBG"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004377","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["ECCS-2302469"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECCS-2302469"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["CMMI-2222810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMMI-2222810"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004405","name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Amazon"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMJAP2326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJAP2326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. on Mobile Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tmc.2025.3608172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T17:49:12Z","timestamp":1757526552000},"page":"2399-2412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data Divergence-Aware Client Selection via Knowledge Graph for Federated LLM Fine-Tuning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bihai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0921-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4352-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yifei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UM-SJTU Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6606-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3625558"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2021.3087125"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM48880.2022.9796935"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3425757"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3323645"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"DoFIT: Domain-aware federated instruction tuning with alleviated catastrophic forgetting","volume-title":"Proc. 38th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Xu"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3299573"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"On the convergence of federated optimization in heterogeneous networks","author":"Sahu","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.3036952"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"10351","article-title":"Towards understanding biased client selection in federated learning","volume-title":"Proc. 25th Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Statist.","author":"Cho"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2022.3153495"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2020.2994391"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2023.3309497"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Optimal client sampling for federated learning","author":"Chen","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Hot-pluggable federated learning: Bridging general and personalized FL via dynamic selection","volume-title":"Proc. 13th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Shen"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.07.098"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"14860","article-title":"Architecture agnostic federated learning for neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. 39th Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Makhija"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2975749"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3376548"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Introducing the knowledge graph: Things, not strings","author":"Singhal","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.3034233"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2928540"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding","author":"Devlin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3070843"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3664647.3681327"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Iterative zero-shot LLM prompting for knowledge graph construction","author":"Carta","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"From human experts to machines: An LLM supported approach to ontology and knowledge graph construction","author":"Kommineni","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030076"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2023.acl-long.591"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2023.3325484"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.378"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.125"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","author":"Hu","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"LLaMA-Adapter: Efficient fine-tuning of language models with zero-init attention","author":"Zhang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"14453","article-title":"Erasing the Bias: Fine-tuning foundation models for semi-supervised learning","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Gan"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-main.243"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.353"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-short.8"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/wacv57701.2024.00556"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"AdaLoRA: Adaptive budget allocation for parameter-efficient fine-tuning","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.acl-long.433"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"SLoRA: Federated parameter efficient fine-tuning of language models","author":"Babakniya","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP48485.2024.10447454"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3776745"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.001.2400384"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671582"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.717"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3485730.3485930"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3015958"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3498361.3538917"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAIT.2022.3205475"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models","author":"Touvron","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"248","article-title":"MedMCQA: A large-scale multi-subject multi-choice dataset for medical domain question answering","volume-title":"Proc. Conf. Health Inference Learn.","author":"Pal"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"FLoRA: Federated fine-tuning large language models with heterogeneous low-rank adaptations","author":"Wang","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"MIM4DD: Mutual information maximization for dataset distillation","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Shang"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.548"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"Mistral 7B","author":"Jiang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app11146421"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Measuring massive multitask language understanding","author":"Hendrycks","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.35"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Communication-efficient learning of deep networks from decentralized data","volume-title":"Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Artif. Intell. Statist.","author":"McMahan"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPADS56603.2022.00011"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3638052"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02855-5"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Text Summarization Branches Out","author":"Lin"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"BERTScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT","author":"Zhang","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/7755\/11345503\/11155172-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/7755\/11345503\/11155172.pdf?arnumber=11155172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:59:28Z","timestamp":1768262368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11155172\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmc.2025.3608172","relation":{},"ISSN":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1536-1233","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-0660","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2161-9875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}}}