{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:53:50Z","timestamp":1780926830394,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,1]],"date-time":"2009-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1249084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2009.2013851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]],"date-time":"2009-02-13T20:27:27Z","timestamp":1234556847000},"page":"1251-1265","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":945,"title":["Comparison and Evaluation of Methods for Liver Segmentation From CT Datasets"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"T.","family":"Heimann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"van Ginneken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Styner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Arzhaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Aurich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Beichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Bekes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Binnig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Bischof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Bornik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Cashman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Ying Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Cordova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.M.","family":"Dawant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fidrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.D.","family":"Furst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Grenacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Hornegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Kainmuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.I.","family":"Kitney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Kobatake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lamecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Jeongjin Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Lennon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Rui Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Senhu Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.-P.","family":"Meinzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.S.","family":"Raicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.-M.","family":"Rau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.M.","family":"van Rikxoort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Rousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Rusko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.A.","family":"Saddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Seghers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Slagmolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Sorantin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Soza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Susomboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Waite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Wimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2001.958071"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.368173"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"189","article-title":"efficient liver segmentation exploiting level-set speed images with 2.5d shape propagation","author":"lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1117\/12.431019","article-title":"automatic 3-d segmentation of the liver from abdominal ct images: a level-set approach","volume":"4322","author":"pan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Med Imag Image Process"},{"key":"ref76","author":"sethian","year":"1999","journal-title":"Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/383259.383266"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"916","article-title":"automated detection of pulmonary nodules in helical computed tomography images of the thorax","volume":"3338","author":"armato","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Med Imag Image Processing"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"1","volume":"4584","author":"heimann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc IPMI"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"179","article-title":"two-stage semi-automatic organ segmentation framework using radial basis functions and level sets","author":"wimmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref38","author":"schwefel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Evolution and Optimum Seeking"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"197","article-title":"atlas based liver segmentation using nonrigid registration with a b-spline transformation model","author":"slagmolen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.563664"},{"key":"ref33","author":"sonka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Image Processing Analysis and Machine Vision"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.661190"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470191613"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26808-1_9"},{"key":"ref37","author":"fogel","year":"1966","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Through Simulated Evolution"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100440200029"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/ME9043"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"161","article-title":"a statistical deformable model for the segmentation of liver ct volumes","author":"heimann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"435","author":"rohlfing","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Handbook of Medical Image Analysis-Volume III Registration Models"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1973.4309314"},{"key":"ref61","first-page":"151","article-title":"a hybrid approach for liver segmentation","author":"susomboon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref63","author":"duda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pattern Classification"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"109","article-title":"shape constrained automatic segmentation of the liver based on a heuristic intensity model","author":"kainmller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref64","first-page":"235","article-title":"liver segmentation in ct data: a segmentation refinement approach","author":"beichel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.232073"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-006-7934-5"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180495.1180536"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(94)90060-4"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2006.8"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"225","article-title":"hepatux-a semiautomatic liver segmentation system","author":"beck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"215","article-title":"semi-automatic segmentation of the liver and its evaluation on the miccai 2007 grand challenge data set","author":"dawant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2323032035"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(86)90083-6"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.04.031"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2004.828354"},{"key":"ref24","author":"tanimoto","year":"1958","journal-title":"An elementary mathematical theory of classification and prediction"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(95)00169-7"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/293347.293348"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"547","article-title":"etude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des alpes et des jura","volume":"37","author":"jaccard","year":"1901","journal-title":"Bull Soc Vaudoise Sci Nat"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1117\/12.431013","article-title":"segmentation of medical images using adaptive region growing","volume":"4322","author":"pohle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Med Imag Image Process"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"135","article-title":"landmark based liver segmentation using local shape and local intensity models","author":"seghers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.809072"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/42.796284"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1967.1053964"},{"key":"ref56","first-page":"101","article-title":"automatic segmentation of the liver in computed tomography scans with voxel classification and atlas matching","author":"van rikxoort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jcss.1997.1504"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-007-0135-z"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"117","article-title":"automatic liver segmentation based on maximum a posterior probability estimation and level set method","author":"furukawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.153.3731.34"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10929080109145999"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.809139"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"406","author":"li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc IPMI"},{"key":"ref12","author":"lamecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Segmentation of the liver using a 3-D statistical shape model"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"41","article-title":"active shape models for a fully automatic 3-d segmentation of the liver","volume":"4191","author":"heimann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.2131093"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1117\/12.467167","article-title":"multi-site validation of image analysis methods-assessing intra and inter-site variability","volume":"4684","author":"styner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc SPIE Med Imag"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0730-725X(94)00124-L"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-9538-4_22","author":"niessen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Performance Characterization in Computer Vision"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"516","author":"gerig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"525","article-title":"preliminary report of cad system competition for liver cancer extraction from 3-d ct images and fusion of the cads","volume":"1","author":"shimizu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J CARS"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2004.03.312"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0718-1"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0097-8493(02)00102-4"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITB.2003.813793"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.678613"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"143","article-title":"fully automatic liver segmentation for contrast-enhanced ct images","author":"rusk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"317","article-title":"new methods for leak detection and contour correction in seeded region growing segmentation","volume":"xxxv","author":"heimann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc 20th ISPRS Congress"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"167","article-title":"a discussion on the evaluation of a new automatic liver volume segmentation method for specified ct image datasets","author":"chi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"125","article-title":"cognition network technology for a fully automated 3-d segmentation of liver","author":"schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"281","article-title":"some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations","author":"macqueen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc 5th Berkeley Symp Math Stat Probabil"},{"key":"ref47","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geometric Level Set Methods in Imaging Vision and Graphics"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2002.808355"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"207","article-title":"global-to-local shape matching for liver segmentation in ct imaging","author":"saddi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI Workshop on 3-D Segmentation in the Clinic A Grand Challenge"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.536892"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"757","volume":"3750","author":"rousson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc MICCAI"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx5\/42\/5175685\/04781564.pdf?arnumber=4781564","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T18:21:06Z","timestamp":1738952466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4781564\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2009.2013851","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-0062","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-254X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}