{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T15:45:32Z","timestamp":1778082332926,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)\u2014The University of Sydney (USYD) Postgraduate Research Scholarship."}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2025.3632555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T18:44:01Z","timestamp":1763059441000},"page":"1620-1637","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["MIRROR: Multi-Modal Pathological Self-Supervised Representation Learning via Modality Alignment and Retention"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5318-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4424-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4444-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dingxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8102-3949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongnan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9273-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Laboratory for Integrated Aero-Space-Ground-Ocean Big Data Application Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-8896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weidong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume":"34","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"An Evidence-Based Approach"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2017.2687466"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01567"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02857-3"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2022.3157983"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47076-9_12"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2999980"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"8748","article-title":"Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision","volume-title":"Proc. ICML","author":"Radford"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.256"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66220-x"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00408-3"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.00920"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Prototypical information bottlenecking and disentangling for multimodal cancer survival prediction","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.01646"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01100"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Molecular-driven foundation model for oncologic pathology","author":"Vaidya","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.16652"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2014.47136"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"1597","article-title":"A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations","volume-title":"Proc. ICML","author":"Chen"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00975"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"BEiT: BERT pre-training of image transformers","author":"Bao","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2106.08254"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52688.2022.01553"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"IBOT: Image BERT pre-training with online tokenizer","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv:2111.07832"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"DINOv2: Learning robust visual features without supervision","author":"Oquab","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2304.07193"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"24","article-title":"Unsupervised learning of visual features by contrasting cluster assignments","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS","author":"Caron"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"4904","article-title":"Scaling up visual and vision-language representation learning with noisy text supervision","volume-title":"Proc. ICML","author":"Jia"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1723"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3023466"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Label propagation for annotation-efficient nuclei segmentation from pathology images","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2202.08195"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00720"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73464-9_17"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01095"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3596597"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102559"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mlwa.2021.100198"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"PathAlign: A vision-language model for whole slide images in histopathology","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.19578"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"CPath-omni: A unified multimodal foundation model for patch and whole slide image analysis in computational pathology","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2412.12077"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV51070.2023.01961"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-43987-2_44"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07441-w"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Virchow: A million-slide digital pathology foundation model","author":"Vorontsov","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.07778"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2021.3056023"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06291-2"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02856-4"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"28541","article-title":"LLaVA-med: Training a large language-and-vision assistant for biomedicine in one day","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS","volume":"36","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-73414-4_2"},{"key":"ref46","article-title":"CoCa: Contrastive captioners are image-text foundation models","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv:2205.01917"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-72083-3_18"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2020.3021387"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2024.3386108"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2025.3526816"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102990"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"47","article-title":"TransMIL: Transformer based correlated multiple instance learning for whole slide image classification","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS","author":"Shao"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012487302797"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad986"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Representation learning with contrastive predictive coding","author":"van den Oord","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1807.03748"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1312.6114"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"ref58","article-title":"The information bottleneck method","author":"Tishby","year":"2000","journal-title":"arXiv:physics\/0004057"},{"key":"ref59","article-title":"Deep variational information bottleneck","author":"Alemi","year":"2016","journal-title":"arXiv:1612.00410"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Scaling self-supervised learning for histopathology with masked image modeling","author":"Filiot","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0546-8"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0508-1"},{"issue":"285","key":"ref64","first-page":"62","article-title":"A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms","volume":"11","author":"Otsu","year":"1975","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Adam: A method for stochastic optimization","author":"Kingma","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv:1412.6980"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"8026","article-title":"PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library","volume-title":"Proc. NeurIPS","volume":"32","author":"Paszke"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Attention-based deep multiple instance learning","volume-title":"Proc. ICML","author":"Ilse"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"333","article-title":"Exploring low-rank property in multiple instance learning for whole slide image classification","volume-title":"Proc. ICLR","author":"Xiang"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.07.004"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0095"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2015.12.004"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1028"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"UMAP: Uniform manifold approximation and projection for dimension reduction","author":"McInnes","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.03426"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"3319","article-title":"Axiomatic attribution for deep networks","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","volume":"70","author":"Sundararajan"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1431"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2656"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099314"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08672"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2323"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12634"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2449"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.22773"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.70122"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1202524"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01538-y"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr501254j"},{"key":"ref87","article-title":"Sensitivity and generalization in neural networks: An empirical study","author":"Novak","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.08760"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-023-01355-3"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54769-y"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/CCI.18.00157"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102992"},{"key":"ref92","volume-title":"Information and Information Stability in Random Variables","author":"Pinsker","year":"1960"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1937609"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471200611"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/42\/11474706\/11245622.pdf?arnumber=11245622","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T19:56:40Z","timestamp":1775505400000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11245622\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2025.3632555","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-0062","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-254X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}}}