{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:06:09Z","timestamp":1780603569077,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372380"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U22B2036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U22B2036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province","award":["2024GX-ZDCYL- 01-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GX-ZDCYL- 01-05"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2022YFB3104005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3104005"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi","award":["2024JC-YBMS-513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JC-YBMS-513"]}]},{"name":"CCF-NSFOCUS \u2018Kunpeng\u2019 Research Fund","award":["CCFNSFOCUS2025003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCFNSFOCUS2025003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016096","name":"Huawei Research Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TC20250730001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TC20250730001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tmi.2026.3665561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T21:08:23Z","timestamp":1771362503000},"page":"2922-2935","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FiR-Rad: Fine-Grained Reinforcement With Structured Reasoning for Chest X-Ray Report Generation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2768-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5316-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6636-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cybersecurity, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1406-107X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi&#x2019;an, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5545-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junwei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8132-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Georgia, Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79942-9_2"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.13-4-349"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-017-0193-4"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.05.007"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"2577","article-title":"On the automatic generation of medical imaging reports","volume-title":"Proc. 56th Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics","volume":"1","author":"Jing"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3522747"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.112"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-87199-4_7"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01354"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102510"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","volume-title":"arXiv:2303.08774","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1516"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Qwen2.5-VL technical report","volume-title":"arXiv:2502.13923","author":"Bai","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v37i3.25386"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tpami.2024.3369699"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/075280-1240"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Towards a clinically accessible radiology foundation model: Open-access and lightweight, with automated evaluation","author":"Manuel Zambrano Chaves","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.08002"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"A vision-language foundation model to enhance efficiency of chest X-ray interpretation","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2401.12208"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.1629"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"A survey on hallucination in large vision-language models","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2402.00253"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"LLaVA-CoT: Let vision language models reason step-by-step","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2411.10440"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v39i22.34538"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.962"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"RARL: Improving medical VLM reasoning and generalization with reinforcement learning and LoRa under data and hardware constraints","author":"Pham","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2506.06600"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103910"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.274"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2023.102633"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2021.100557"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2023.102798"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr52729.2023.00718"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.bionlp-1.35"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.emnlp-main.256"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Vicuna: An Open-Source Chatbot Impressing Gpt-4 With 90% Chatgpt Quality","author":"Chiang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v38i3.28038"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metrad.2023.100033","article-title":"R2GenGPT: Radiology report generation with frozen LLMs","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta-Radiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1723"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03302-1"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Towards generalist biomedical AI","author":"Tu","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2307.14334"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst., 35th Annu. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/cvpr52733.2024.01367"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Proximal policy optimization algorithms","author":"Schulman","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1707.06347"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Fine-tuning language models from human preferences","author":"Ziegler","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1909.08593"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocae215"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.117"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"311","article-title":"Bleu: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation","volume-title":"Proc. 40th Annu. Meeting Assoc. Comput. Linguistics","author":"Papineni"},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"74","article-title":"ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Text Summarization Branches Out"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-emnlp.319"},{"key":"ref49","article-title":"DeepSeek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in LLMs via reinforcement learning","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv:2501.12948"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"MIMIC-CXR-JPG, a large publicly available database of labeled chest radiographs","author":"Johnson","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1901.07042"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocv080"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"CheXpert plus: Augmenting a large chest X-ray dataset with text radiology reports, patient demographics and additional image formats","volume-title":"arXiv:2405.19538","author":"Chambon","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"65","article-title":"METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments","volume-title":"Proc. Workshop Intrinsic Extrinsic Eval. Measures Mach. Trans. Summarization@ACL","author":"Banerjee"},{"key":"ref54","first-page":"1","article-title":"BERTScore: Evaluating text generation with BERT","volume-title":"Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Learn. Represent.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6989"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2023.100802"},{"key":"ref57","volume-title":"Easyr1: An Efficient, Scalable, Multi-Modality Rl Training Framework","author":"Zheng","year":"2025"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/42\/11550367\/11397739.pdf?arnumber=11397739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:55:58Z","timestamp":1780602958000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11397739\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tmi.2026.3665561","relation":{},"ISSN":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0278-0062","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-254X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}}}