{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T21:29:21Z","timestamp":1772659761275,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2017.2776248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,5]],"date-time":"2018-01-05T19:26:43Z","timestamp":1515180403000},"page":"4905-4916","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Sparse Simultaneous Recurrent Deep Learning for Robust Facial Expression Recognition"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Mahbubul","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lasitha S.","family":"Vidyaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8316-4163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khan M.","family":"Iftekharuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","author":"yi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Deep metric learning for practical person re-identification"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.242"},{"key":"ref33","first-page":"2234","article-title":"Improved techniques for training GANs","author":"salimans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref32","author":"ioffe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Batch Normalization Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Improving neural networks with dropout","author":"srivastava","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"1929","article-title":"Dropout: A simple way to prevent neural networks from overfitting","volume":"15","author":"srivastava","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distance metric learning with eigenvalue optimization","volume":"13","author":"ying","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"498","article-title":"Is that you? Metric learning approaches for face identification","author":"guillaumin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 12th Int Conf Comput Vis"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Manifold preserving: An intrinsic approach for semisupervised distance metric learning","author":"ying","year":"0","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst"},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"1473","article-title":"Distance metric learning for large margin nearest neighbor classification","author":"weinberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"1","article-title":"A scalable metric learning-based voting method for expression recognition","author":"wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 10th IEEE Int Conf Workshops Autom Face Gesture Recognit (FG)"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Sparse feature learning for deep belief networks","author":"ranzato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Efficient learning of sparse representations with an energy-based model","author":"ranzato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"873","article-title":"Sparse deep belief net model for visual area V2","author":"lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.1998.670990"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.93"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1805","article-title":"Facial expression recognition via a boosted deep belief network","author":"liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit (CVPR)"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Au-aware deep networks for facial expression recognition","author":"liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc 10th IEEE Int Conf Workshops Autom Face Gesture Recognit (FG)"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"143","article-title":"Deeply learning deformable facial action parts model for dynamic expression analysis","author":"liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vision Computer"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00093-3"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"609","article-title":"Convolutional deep belief networks for scalable unsupervised learning of hierarchical representations","author":"lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc 26th Annu Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2014.03.025"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337113"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIMSVP.2009.4925649"},{"key":"ref59","first-page":"249","article-title":"Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks","author":"glorot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Artif Intell Statist"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AFGR.2000.840611"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2014.02.004"},{"key":"ref55","author":"hinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Improving Neural Networks by Preventing Co-adaptation of Feature Detectors"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1142\/9781860947292_0025","article-title":"A randomized algorithm for learning Mahalanobis metrics: Application to classification and regression of biological data","volume":"3","author":"langmead","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc 4th Asia&#x2013;Pacific Bioinf Conf"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1273496.1273523"},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"505","article-title":"Distance metric learning, with application to clustering with side-information","author":"xing","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2012.41","article-title":"Sparse coding for flexible, robust 3D facial-expression synthesis","volume":"32","author":"lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Comput Graph Appl"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1839","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on discriminative dictionary learning","author":"liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Pattern Recognit (ICPR)"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"94","article-title":"The extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+): A complete dataset for action unit and emotion-specified expression","author":"lucey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Comput Soc Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit Workshops (CVPRW)"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"457","article-title":"Facial expression recognition based on fusion of sparse representation","author":"ying","year":"2010","journal-title":"Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications With Aspects of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(03)00085-2"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.220"},{"key":"ref16","author":"hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"4278","article-title":"Inception-v4, inception-ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning","author":"szegedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc AAAI Conf Artif Intell (AAAI)"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"421","article-title":"Generating facial expressions with deep belief nets","author":"susskind","year":"2008","journal-title":"Affective Computing focus on Emotion Expression Synthesis and Recognition"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"2857","article-title":"On deep generative models with applications to recognition","author":"ranzato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit (CVPR)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2200675"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2007.1110"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Boosting coded dynamic features for facial action units and facial expression recognition","author":"yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit (CVPR)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.42"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"2562","article-title":"Learning active facial patches for expression analysis","author":"zhong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit (CVPR)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2010.2044788","article-title":"Graph-preserving sparse nonnegative matrix factorization with application to facial expression recognition","volume":"41","author":"zhi","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern B Cybern"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2000396"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"336","article-title":"Facial action unit recognition with sparse representation","author":"mahoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Int Conf Autom Face Gesture Recognit Workshops"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app7080826"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00251"},{"key":"ref48","author":"pang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Network Design for J Function Approximation in Dynamic Programming"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.11.046"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"809","article-title":"Learning a deep compact image representation for visual tracking","author":"wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.817413"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1237","article-title":"Flexible, high performance convolutional neural networks for image classification","author":"ciresan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Joint Conf Artif Intell (IJCAI)"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"82","article-title":"Accelerating large-scale convolutional neural networks with parallel graphics multiprocessors","author":"scherer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Artificial Neural Networks&#x2014;ICANN"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielaam\/5962385\/8468244\/8248664-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5962385\/8468244\/08248664.pdf?arnumber=8248664","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T18:53:06Z","timestamp":1649443986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8248664\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnnls.2017.2776248","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]}}}