{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T22:49:27Z","timestamp":1782946167270,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YWF-21-BJ-J-534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YWF-21-BJ-J-534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2021.3106391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T20:02:18Z","timestamp":1630526538000},"page":"2308-2322","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["MGML: Multigranularity Multilevel Feature Ensemble Network for Remote Sensing Scene Classification"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3508-027X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9769-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuchang","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuewen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1145-6364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-3527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2389824"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"842","article-title":"The application of two-level attention models in deep convolutional neural network for fine-grained image classification","author":"xiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.557"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2572683"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2016.7477700"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.276"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.132"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"Fine-grained visual classification of aircraft","author":"maji","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv 1306 5151"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.476"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1106","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","author":"krizhevsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01270-0_49"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2010.5539970"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00099"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206848"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"487","article-title":"Learning deep features for scene recognition using places database","author":"zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"The Caltech-UCSD birds-200-2011 dataset","author":"wah","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2987060"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2864987"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"266","article-title":"Recurrent transformer network for remote sensing scene categorisation","author":"chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Brit Mach Vis Conf"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13020239"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12061050"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2225596"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2205158"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2016.07.001"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2499239"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2920374"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.05.009"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2017.8127684"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2009.2022633"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"RSI-CB: A large scale remote sensing image classification benchmark via crowdsource data","author":"li","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv 1705 10450"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2675998"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"2844","article-title":"Learning RoI transformer for detecting oriented objects in aerial images","author":"ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00418"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.03.004"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2924933"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2513443"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.890762"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Vision meets drones: Past, present and future","author":"zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv 2001 06303"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10050734"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12193140"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-1503-0"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3081922"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.2983560"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1869790.1869829"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2685945"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2402391"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2020.3009352"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3051085"},{"key":"ref73","first-page":"2579","article-title":"Visualizing data using t-SNE","volume":"9","author":"van der maaten","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2906883"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2783902"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2913372"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46493-0_38"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2845668"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"6105","article-title":"EfficientNet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","volume":"97","author":"tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Int Conf Mach Learn"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12040729"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00060"},{"key":"ref20","author":"krizhevsky","year":"0","journal-title":"Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2018.2805923"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2017.2711275"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition","author":"simonyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv 1409 1556"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2889677"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-019-0276-2"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111425"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2683799"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00140"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2019.8898963"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2015.7301271"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2018.2848473"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2018.1533655"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5962385\/10114428\/09526853.pdf?arnumber=9526853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T17:55:14Z","timestamp":1684778114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9526853\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnnls.2021.3106391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}