{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:00:06Z","timestamp":1783440006301,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":294,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690848000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1664261"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1664261"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20170101209JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20170101209JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004032","name":"Jilin University Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101832018C205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101832018C205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004032","name":"Jilin University Postgraduate Innovation Fund Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101832020CX137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101832020CX137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2021.3128968","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T20:32:11Z","timestamp":1641414731000},"page":"3811-3831","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":217,"title":["A Review of Vehicle Detection Techniques for Intelligent Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5251-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhangu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9561-8406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunguang","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pingping","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Automobile Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-12352-3"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(99)00125-6"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"System and method for detecting obstacles to vehicle motion and determining time to contact therewith using sequences of images","volume-title":"U.S. Patent 7 113 867","author":"Stein","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1555343417695197"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17050975"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8842297"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCI.2018.8554712"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2614545"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.01.017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSCE.2016.7893608"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCIT.2012.6380975"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/amr.546-547.721"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","first-page":"1113","article-title":"Video vehicle detection algorithm based on edge symmetry","volume":"34","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Beijing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-011-0355-7"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69812-8_14"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2598192"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref17","first-page":"210","article-title":"A method of efficient vehicle detection based on HOG-LBP","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Eng."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EIT.2018.8500159"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-019-00856-z"},{"issue":"35","key":"ref20","first-page":"455","article-title":"Vehicle detection method using Haar-like feature on real time system","volume":"59","author":"Han","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Acad. Sci., Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2014.2358031"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"359","article-title":"Benchmarking Haar and histograms of oriented gradients features applied to vehicle detection","volume-title":"Proc. ICINCO-RA","volume":"1","author":"Negri"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164288"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"133","article-title":"A two-stage approach to people and vehicle detection with HOG-based SVM","volume-title":"Proc. Perform. Metrics Intell. Syst. Workshop","author":"Han"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2011.6116132"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2000.881084"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3410352.3410803"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2009.167"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2264314"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2012.2187894"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACV.2002.1182177"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2005.848363"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2007.908572"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.877062"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2017.7995810"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIS.2016.17"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2294646"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIIDS.2009.25"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SMC.2013.535"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0278364913491297"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref41","first-page":"1713","article-title":"Forward vehicle detection based on shadow features and adaboost","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.-Tsinghua Univ."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2016.05.092"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.726791"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"1097","article-title":"ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Krizhevsky"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2389824"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIV.2020.3010832"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.l007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"ref53","article-title":"YOLOv3: An incremental improvement","volume-title":"arXiv:1804.02767","author":"Redmon","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019259"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"YOLOv4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection","volume-title":"arXiv:2004.10934","author":"Bochkovskiy","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref56","article-title":"An analysis of deep neural network models for practical applications","volume-title":"arXiv:1605.07678","author":"Canziani","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref57","article-title":"MobileNets: Efficient convolutional neural networks for mobile vision applications","volume-title":"arXiv:1704.04861","author":"Howard","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00474"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00716"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01264-9_8"},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"EfficientNet: Rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","volume-title":"arXiv:1905.11946","author":"Tan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.350"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref63","first-page":"440","article-title":"Review of image semantic segmentation based on deep learning","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Softw."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00975"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.322"},{"key":"ref66","first-page":"1990","article-title":"Learning to segment object candidates","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Pinheiro"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_5"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298965"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2017.2699184"},{"key":"ref70","article-title":"Rethinking atrous convolution for semantic image segmentation","volume-title":"arXiv:1706.05587","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.549"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.660"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01219-9_25"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Semi and weakly supervised semantic segmentation using generative adversarial network","volume-title":"arXiv:1703.09695","author":"Souly","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"An adversarial regularisation for semi-supervised training of structured output neural networks","volume-title":"arXiv:1702.02382","author":"Kozi\u0144ski","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.472"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00975"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref78","first-page":"1635","article-title":"Improving OCT B-scan of interest inference performance using TensorRT based neural network optimization","volume":"61","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803154"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref80","first-page":"875","article-title":"Robust vehicular radar target determination","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Tsinghua Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref81","first-page":"438","article-title":"The warning algorithm and some key technologies of vehicle collision avoidance system","volume":"24","author":"Hou","year":"2002","journal-title":"Automot. Eng."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781482273113"},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"450","article-title":"Vehicle detection method based on MHT model using millimeter-wave radar","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRAE50850.2020.9310883"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8070805"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref86","first-page":"554","article-title":"Front vehicle detection with multi-source information based on deep belief network","volume":"40","author":"Zhangu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Automot. Eng."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8888647"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2021.3095674"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2012.6338679"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MOCAST.2017.7937682"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00121"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00059"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2977922"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2019.8917144"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970533"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01148"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2015.2513754"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9090907"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2018.2867242"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102897"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20147"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20258"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-009-9115-1"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164280"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979818"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-annals-IV-1-W1-75-2017"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1729881418762302"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2010.5650541"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41064-016-0003-y"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"837","article-title":"Mean shift clustering segmentation and RANSAC simplification of color point cloud","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Audio, Lang. Image Process.","author":"Zhang"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-07488-7_4"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACPR.2011.6166587"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2016.06.007"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6906929"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2012.6224734"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20134"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref117","first-page":"1565","article-title":"Real-time dynamic obstacle detection and tracking using 3D lidar","volume":"46","author":"Fei","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. (Eng. Sci.)"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2015.7139679"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8205955"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989161"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15607\/RSS.2016.XII.042"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2018.8462926"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2018.8569311"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIRS.2018.8467245"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00798"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2018.2852843"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00472"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00170"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01054"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298801"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.16"},{"key":"ref132","first-page":"5099","article-title":"PointNet++: Deep hierarchical feature learning on point sets in a metric space","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Qi"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.011"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2016.11.002"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.2984943"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-020-09910-6"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2019.12.011"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00279"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58604-1_1"},{"key":"ref140","article-title":"PointSeg: Real-time semantic segmentation based on 3D LiDAR point cloud","volume-title":"arXiv:1807.06288","author":"Wang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v35i4.16464"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2925060"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2017.11.010"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.114"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00035"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.99"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2015.7353481"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DV.2017.00067"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.701"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58604-1_41"},{"key":"ref151","article-title":"VIN: Voxel-based implicit network for joint 3D object detection and segmentation for lidars","volume-title":"arXiv:2107.02980","author":"Zhong","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00959"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref153","first-page":"1","article-title":"O-CNN: Octree-based convolutional neural networks for 3D shape analysis","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV47402.2020.9304694"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA48506.2021.9561305"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2017.90"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00479"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2002.1188024"},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2041231"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2010.5548010"},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2007.4290083"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940425"},{"key":"ref163","first-page":"431","article-title":"Stereo vision-based vehicle detection","volume-title":"Proc. VISAPP","volume":"2","author":"Kormann"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232280"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2015.7287953"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref166","first-page":"118","article-title":"Vehicle detection and tracking algorithm based on monocular and binocular vision fusion","volume":"15","author":"Cai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Traffic Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2007.4290240"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2004.1389993"},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5625174"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2005.1505197"},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940558"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0851-3_484"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5625265"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2002.1188022"},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621161"},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27146-0_34"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2094188"},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICVES.2011.5983805"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2019.8794312"},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAIIC.2019.8669081"},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARCV.2018.8581246"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RoboMech.2016.7813156"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2012.6232199"},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621245"},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2017.03.102"},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2008.4621227"},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2007.4290111"},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2004.1337482"},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2018-01-0613"},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVWorkshops54471.2021.9669223"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW53098.2021.00183"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref192","first-page":"674","article-title":"Vehicle detection based on information fusion of radar and machine vision","volume":"37","author":"Baofeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Automot. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref193","first-page":"465","article-title":"Vehicle detection based on vision and millimeter wave radar","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infr. Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s110908992"},{"key":"ref195","first-page":"2070","article-title":"Radar-vision fusion for vehicle detection by means of improved Haar-like feature and adaboost approach","volume-title":"Proc. 15th Eur. Signal Process. Conf.","author":"Haselhoff"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2007.4357647"},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SOFTCOM.2008.4669499"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ChiCC.2016.7553978"},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4271\/2017-01-1977"},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10584-0_23"},{"key":"ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.691"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70836-2_39"},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2018.2822828"},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2014.6907100"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2016.2620398"},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10514-005-0611-7"},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9030451"},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2011.5940576"},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2011.6083092"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-011-0386-0"},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2016.7535456"},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2017.09.038"},{"key":"ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2006.1689665"},{"key":"ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2007.4357637"},{"key":"ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164346"},{"key":"ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795566"},{"key":"ref217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2017.8202234"},{"key":"ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2182610"},{"key":"ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2281199"},{"key":"ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2016.08.029"},{"key":"ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSP.2020.2984801"},{"key":"ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.03.030"},{"key":"ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2181366"},{"key":"ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3103\/S0146411620040057"},{"key":"ref225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WorldS4.2019.8903942"},{"key":"ref226","first-page":"183","article-title":"Visibility enhancement in poor weather-tracking of vehicles","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Sci. Comput. (CSC)","author":"Alluhaidan"},{"key":"ref227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9194028"},{"key":"ref228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-021-00672-9"},{"key":"ref229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010112"},{"key":"ref230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00263"},{"key":"ref231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2421482"},{"key":"ref232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijmlc.2019.9.6.863"},{"key":"ref233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11220-021-00342-6"},{"key":"ref234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318299.3318383"},{"key":"ref235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20164646"},{"key":"ref236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205731"},{"key":"ref237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1295-4_5"},{"key":"ref238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2021.3065438"},{"key":"ref239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2019.0023"},{"key":"ref240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2021.62.6.30"},{"key":"ref241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9224769"},{"key":"ref242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NICS51282.2020.9335870"},{"key":"ref243","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2961679"},{"key":"ref244","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2014.126"},{"key":"ref245","article-title":"RADIATE: A radar dataset for automotive perception in bad weather","volume-title":"arXiv:2010.09076","author":"Sheeny","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref246","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/947272"},{"key":"ref247","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3558-7_85"},{"key":"ref248","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2010.5625285"},{"key":"ref249","article-title":"Moving vehicle detection using adaboost and Haar-like feature in surveillance videos","volume-title":"arXiv:1801.01698","author":"Mahdi Moghimi","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref250","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8046529"},{"key":"ref251","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1717666"},{"key":"ref252","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2890541"},{"key":"ref253","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2019.2961235"},{"key":"ref254","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RadarConf2147009.2021.9455296"},{"key":"ref255","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSIDP47821.2019.9173380"},{"key":"ref256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iatssr.2019.11.005"},{"key":"ref257","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.2998077"},{"key":"ref258","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2018.00043"},{"key":"ref259","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IS.2008.4670551"},{"key":"ref260","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8659.2006.00957.x"},{"key":"ref261","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LRA.2020.2972865"},{"key":"ref262","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acags.2019.100016"},{"key":"ref263","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics9040560"},{"key":"ref264","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV47402.2020.9304681"},{"key":"ref265","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-021-09637-z"},{"key":"ref266","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV48922.2021.01500"},{"key":"ref267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134503"},{"key":"ref268","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MITS.2019.2926362"},{"key":"ref269","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20123433"},{"key":"ref270","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/a13110271"},{"key":"ref271","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ARIS.2017.8297189"},{"key":"ref272","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2990539"},{"key":"ref273","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2020.3038013"},{"key":"ref274","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5810910"},{"key":"ref275","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09544070211036311"},{"key":"ref276","article-title":"Radar and camera early fusion for vehicle detection in advanced driver assistance systems","volume-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Auton. Driving Workshop 33rd Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","author":"Lim"},{"key":"ref277","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3059674"},{"key":"ref278","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/abfe34"},{"key":"ref279","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00051"},{"key":"ref280","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/ICIF.2018.8455757"},{"key":"ref281","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01170"},{"key":"ref282","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14156-1_12"},{"key":"ref283","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-12-2020-0271"},{"key":"ref284","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.168"},{"key":"ref285","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2015.2446191"},{"key":"ref286","article-title":"All photons imaging: Time-resolved computational imaging through scattering for vehicles and medical applications with probabilistic and data-driven algorithms","author":"Satat","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref287","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2014.2333751"},{"key":"ref288","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3015992"},{"key":"ref289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2017.09.008"},{"key":"ref290","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.09.009"},{"key":"ref291","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.142"},{"key":"ref292","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00963"},{"key":"ref293","article-title":"IPOD: Intensive point-based object detector for point cloud","volume-title":"arXiv:1812.05276","author":"Yang","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref294","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01247-4"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5962385\/10208115\/09670465.pdf?arnumber=9670465","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T22:28:43Z","timestamp":1705184923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9670465\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]},"references-count":294,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnnls.2021.3128968","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8]]}}}