{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T16:55:26Z","timestamp":1781110526291,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRG\/2019\/004551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRG\/2019\/004551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF ECCS 1954589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF ECCS 1954589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030807","name":"Virginia State\u2019s Commonwealth Cyber Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VV-1Q24-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VV-1Q24-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University\u2019s Breakthrough through the Energy Efficient Neurocomputer"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2024.3369969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T14:48:45Z","timestamp":1710254925000},"page":"4996-5005","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Quantized Magnetic Domain Wall Synapse for Efficient Deep Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6427-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema","family":"Dhull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid Al","family":"Misba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-4690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshid","family":"Nisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-0884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayasimha","family":"Atulasimha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering and the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brajesh Kumar","family":"Kaushik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1404.7828"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jproc.2017.2761740"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDAT.2016.2573586"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.29"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0092-2"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-020-0655-z"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memori.2023.100025"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-017-0002-z"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897937.2898010"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201402696"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0180-5"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEDM.2011.6131488"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2011.2147791"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2016.2582859"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15199"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memori.2023.100048"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31510"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2015.2414423"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5128344"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2525823"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2018.2845890"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2019.165434"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0038521"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2019.2916149"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b02342"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b04205"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4893617"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3624900"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4882276"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4923350","article-title":"Strain-mediated 180\u00b0 perpendicular magnetization switching of a single domain multiferroic structure","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2386"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4939446"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31272"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02791"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-8853(96)00062-5"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4910"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.14.014088"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab6234"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2021.3111846"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1024"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03199"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2439635"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04933-y"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/VLSIT.2017.7998164"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac62db"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2634-4386\/ac4fb7"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-018-0054-8"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00406"},{"issue":"187","key":"ref49","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantized neural networks: Training neural networks with low precision weights and activations","volume":"18","author":"Hubara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Quantizing deep convolutional networks for efficient inference: A whitepaper","author":"Krishnamoorthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1806.08342"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"3123","article-title":"BinaryConnect: Training deep neural networks with binary weights during propagations","volume-title":"Proc. 28th Int. Conf. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"2","author":"Courbariaux"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3196688"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNANO.2012.2202125"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iscas45731.2020.9180675"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.2020.2992886"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-021-00593-x"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3675"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3020"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.102"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.202200563"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSIT.2018.8510642"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c09744"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16335-z"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pssr.201800197"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0070773"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1557758"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046032"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4899186"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4892532"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0010112"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3679433"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.29.4439"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.157202"},{"key":"ref74","article-title":"Review and analysis of measurements of the spin Hall effect in platinum","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"arXiv:1111.3702"},{"key":"ref75","article-title":"Training and inference with integers in deep neural networks","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.04680"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Quantization and training of neural networks for efficient integer-arithmetic-only inference","author":"Jacob","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv:1712.05877"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2011.2158810"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TED.2015.2412960"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tmag.2009.2015376"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2012.06.035"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"278","article-title":"Modeling of failure probability and statistical design of spin-torque transfer magnetic random access memory (STT MRAM) array for yield enhancement","volume-title":"Proc. 45th Annu. Design Autom. Conf.","author":"Li"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2014.2351581"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/5962385\/10908444\/10467190-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/5962385\/10908444\/10467190.pdf?arnumber=10467190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T13:34:26Z","timestamp":1741008866000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10467190\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnnls.2024.3369969","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.36227\/techrxiv.21982208.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}}}