{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:52:29Z","timestamp":1781193149415,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, University of Tabuk","award":["S-1443-0195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S-1443-0195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnnls.2024.3425569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T13:36:12Z","timestamp":1721655372000},"page":"8240-8254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Digit-Serial DA-Based Fixed-Point RNNs: A Unified Approach for Enhancing Architectural Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0421-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Tasleem","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5955-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Alhartomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASRU.2015.7404790"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCPMT.2021.3071351"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SiPS.2016.48"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iscas.2017.8050816"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366634"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CICC.2018.8357068"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/jssc.2020.2992900"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2927375"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2021.3099716"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2017.2717950"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2019.2941921"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2022.3217091"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mssc.2018.2867405"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2019.2935796"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3180209"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3444943"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Estimating or propagating gradients through stochastic neurons for conditional computation","author":"Bengio","year":"2013","journal-title":"arXiv:1308.3432"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Understanding straight-through estimator in training activation quantized neural nets","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"arXiv:1903.05662"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA51647.2021.00027"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2019.00028"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11713"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053483"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1701270"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007787.3001163"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISVLSI.2016.129"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3020078.3021745"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.881269"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Efficient recurrent neural networks using structured matrices in FPGAs","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv:1803.07661"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCAD.2017.8203813"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2017.1356489"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2018.2867291"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2023.3330428"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2022.3141665"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/iccv.2015.327"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2012.2232321"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/nist.ir.4930"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21437\/interspeech.2016-1446"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLSI-SoC.2012.7332078"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2982416"},{"key":"ref42","volume":"2","author":"Rabaey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Digital Integrated Circuits"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/5962385\/10982361\/10606047.pdf?arnumber=10606047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:39:51Z","timestamp":1764959991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/10606047\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnnls.2024.3425569","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-237X","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}