{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:22:09Z","timestamp":1780053729767,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Key R&amp;D Program of Chongqing","award":["CSTB2024TIAD-STX0022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2024TIAD-STX0022"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1804263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1804263"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021J06013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J06013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Topics from the Lion Rock Labs of Cyberspace Security","award":["LRL24006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LRL24006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2025.3610125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T17:38:43Z","timestamp":1757957923000},"page":"2111-2127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SLDP-LoRA: A Privacy-Preserving Split Learning Framework With Low-Rank Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5425-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yirui","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Information Security and Network Systems, College of Computer Science and Big Data, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8087-9769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Li","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Information Security and Network Systems, College of Computer Science and Big Data, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9030-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Information Security and Network Systems, College of Computer Science and Big Data, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Information Security and Network Systems, College of Computer Science and Big Data, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4238-3295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ximeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vehicle Safety Technology, Chongqing Changan Automobile Company Ltd., Chongqing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2024.3408463"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3382875"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"LLMs can understand encrypted prompt: Towards privacy-computing friendly transformers","author":"Liu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3576915.3616592"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2023.01.008"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3519732"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Improving LoRA in privacy-preserving federated learning","author":"Sun","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.015.2200462"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3274391"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2021.3057419"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.05.003"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11704-024-40663-9"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Split learning for health: Distributed deep learning without sharing raw patient data","author":"Vepakomma","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Differentially private label protection in split learning","author":"Yang","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2790","article-title":"Parameter-efficient transfer learning for NLP","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Mach. Learn.","author":"Houlsby","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.eacl-main.39"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Compacter: Efficient low-rank hypercomplex adapter layers","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Mahabadi","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3583780.3615017"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref19","first-page":"3","article-title":"Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"S-LoRA: Serving thousands of concurrent lora adapters","author":"Sheng","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.568"},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"An efficient industrial federated learning framework for AIoT: A face recognition application","author":"Ding","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.123"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.privatenlp-1.5"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29012\/jpc.880"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179300"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"A split-and-privatize framework for large language model fine-tuning","author":"Shen","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3637528.3671582"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"76852","article-title":"Flocks of stochastic parrots: Differentially private prompt learning for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Duan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Privacy-preserving prompt tuning for large language model services","author":"Li","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Protecting user privacy in remote conversational systems: A privacy-preserving framework based on text sanitization","author":"Kan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Hide and seek (HAS): A lightweight framework for prompt privacy protection","author":"Chen","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3459637.3482281"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2022.findings-acl.277"},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Detailed comparison of communication efficiency of split learning and federated learning","author":"Singh","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","article-title":"Split-and-denoise: Protect large language model inference with local differential privacy","author":"Mai","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2812146"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"263","article-title":"Rnyi differential privacy","volume-title":"Proc. IEEE 30th Comput. Secur. Found. Symp.","author":"Mironov","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2023.3318944"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2024.01.001"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3281347"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/n19-1423"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref43","first-page":"9","article-title":"Language models are unsupervised multitask learners","volume":"1","author":"Radford","year":"2019","journal-title":"OpenAI Blog"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"9","article-title":"Automatically constructing a corpus of sentential paraphrases","volume-title":"Proc. 3rd Int. Workshop Paraphrasing","author":"Dolan","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RIVF51545.2021.9642071"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2021.3050508"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref48","first-page":"1","article-title":"The fifth pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge","volume-title":"Proc. Text Anal. Conf.","volume":"7","author":"Bentivogli","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3682068"},{"key":"ref50","first-page":"10088","article-title":"QLoRA: Efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","author":"Dettmers","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Delving into differentially private transformer","volume-title":"Proc. 41st Int. Conf. Mach. Learn. (ICML\u201924)","volume":"235","author":"Ding","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2021.3050064"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.2016.2584610"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6488902\/11264281\/11164482.pdf?arnumber=11164482","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:43:50Z","timestamp":1764787430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11164482\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":53,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnse.2025.3610125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4697","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2334-329X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}