{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T21:05:39Z","timestamp":1770757539285,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information and Communications Technology Planning and Evaluation"},{"name":"Korea Government","award":["IITP-2025-RS-2021-II210118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2025-RS-2021-II210118"]}]},{"name":"IITP-Information Technology Research Center","award":["IITP-2026-RS-2021-II211835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IITP-2026-RS-2021-II211835"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2026.3657405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T21:00:26Z","timestamp":1769202026000},"page":"6293-6309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["VRF-PoW: Proof of Work Consensus With Verifiable Random Function"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0340-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8099-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haeung","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4312-3145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minho","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8528-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heung-No","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48071-4_10"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2018.8619082"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111682"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.101273"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"Cambridge Bitcoin electricity consumption index: Comparisons","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3159004"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3210537"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2022.113909"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"PPcoin: Peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake","author":"King","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Casper the friendly finality gadget","author":"Buterin","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Combining GHOST and casper","author":"Buterin","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Tendermint: Consensus without mining","author":"Kwon","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-18283-9_28"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329567"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108424"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901858"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695533.2695545"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2018.00096"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3343147.3343169"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2022.111555"},{"key":"ref23","article-title":"Proofs of useful work","author":"Ball","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2021.102749"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2021.3056773"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"6273","article-title":"Sprints: Intermittent blockchain PoW mining","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Mirkin","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2022.109118"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2024.3418558"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70278-0_11"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SFFCS.1999.814584"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP51992.2021.00017"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132747.3132757"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Cardano documentation","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Dfinity consensus, explored","author":"Abraham","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16219342"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3503042"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24164"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_2"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP46215.2023.10179426"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Delegated proof of stake (DPoS)","author":"Larimer","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2024.3507545"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Primecoin: Cryptocurrency with prime number proof-of-work","author":"King","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NCA.2017.8171383"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"1427","article-title":"REM: Resource-efficient mining for blockchains","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-69084-1_19"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751419"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.108594"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2022.3213347"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111490"},{"key":"ref52","article-title":"How to disincentivize large bitcoin mining pools","author":"Eyal","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47751-5_2"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66172-4_19"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2025.3536315"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2025.111092"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30580-4_28"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC9381","article-title":"Verifiable random functions (VRFs)","author":"Goldberg","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70503-3_18"},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Polkadot Wiki: Randomness","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78375-8_3"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3243734.3243848"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3579856.3595792"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2025.3581028"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","author":"Wood","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66","article-title":"EIP-1057: ProgPoW, a programmatic proof-of-work","author":"Colvin","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3331014"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64331-0_29"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-17140-6_2"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"258","article-title":"Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols","volume-title":"Proc. IFIP TC6\/TC11 Joint Work. Conf. Secure Inf. Netw. Commun. Multimedia Secur.","author":"Jakobsson","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59013-0_34"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2025.3543197"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1800290"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/P2P.2013.6688704"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-015-0347-x"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/24.693785"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471791571"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3653445"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3344158"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2020.2989170"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6488902\/11264281\/11362952.pdf?arnumber=11362952","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T21:07:52Z","timestamp":1770671272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11362952\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":80,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnse.2026.3657405","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4697","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2334-329X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}