{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T10:12:12Z","timestamp":1773137532827,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62232002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62232002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23A20303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62372149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62372149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62572168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62572168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003995","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2508085MF151"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2508085MF151"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003995","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering with Big Data"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BigKEOpen2025-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BigKEOpen2025-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002766","name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SKLNST-2025-1-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLNST-2025-1-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnse.2026.3664284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T21:00:56Z","timestamp":1770930056000},"page":"7069-7083","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fine-Grained Detection for Bitcoin Mixing Services Using Heterogeneous Representation Learning"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4441-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5998-298X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2597-8932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7120-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4080-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8850-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Wuzi University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1858-3075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Wuzi University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6607-5993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jincheng","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"QAX Security Center, Qi-AnXin Technology Group Inc., Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7684-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6313-4407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3553-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liehuang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3657288"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3412161"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3257029"},{"key":"ref4","article-title":"Cryptocurrency mixing service","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"751","article-title":"Mixed signals: Analyzing ground-truth data on the users and economics of a Bitcoin mixing service","volume-title":"Proc. 32nd USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Miedema","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Samourai wallet devs plead guilty to conspiring to run unlicensed money transmitter","author":"Finance","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"U.S. sanctions crypto mixer sinbad.io for role in North Korean laundering activities","author":"Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"Public advisory cryptocurrency mixers","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref9","article-title":"2025 crypto crime report","author":"Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"2024 crypto crime report","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref11","article-title":"2023 crypto crime report","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref12","article-title":"Bitcoin fog","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Operator of Bitcoin fog sentenced to more than 12 years in prison for running notorious darknet cryptocurrency mixer","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"The role of law enforcement in detecting, investigating, and prosecuting criminal activity related to digital assets","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Operator of helix darknet cryptocurrency mixer sentenced in money laundering conspiracy and ordered to forfeit over ${\\$}$400m in assets","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref16","article-title":"Justice department announces seizure of over ${\\$}$2.8 million in cryptocurrency, cash, and other assets","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Why crypto businesses need anti-money laundering regulations","author":"Mulhim","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref18","article-title":"Pathways to crypto-asset regulation: A global approach","author":"Forum","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Combatting illicit activity utilizing financial technologies and cryptocurrencies","author":"Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eCRS.2013.6805780"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-8101-4_11"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-4519-7_7"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2024.08.010"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsidi.2025.301876"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcan.2020.05.008"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1800271"},{"key":"ref27","article-title":"Announcing: Bitlaundry-decorrelated payment service","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48051-9_10"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Coinjoin: Bitcoin privacy for the real world","author":"Maxwell","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Really really ultimate blockchain compression: Coinwitness","author":"Maxwell","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.14"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"2145","article-title":"A survey on approaches to anonymity in Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies","volume":"P-259","author":"Maurer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jahrestagung Der Gesellschaft Fr Informatik"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45472-5_31"},{"key":"ref34","article-title":"Monero - a secure, private, untraceable cryptocurrency","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/eurospw.2017.48"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32946-3_29"},{"key":"ref37","article-title":"CoinSwap: Transaction graph disjoint trustless trading","author":"Maxwell","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref38","article-title":"Stealth addresses","author":"Todd","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Shared send untangling in Bitcoin (white paper)","author":"Yanovich","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"Survey of Bitcoin mixing services: Tracing anonymous Bitcoins (white paper)","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70290-2_18"},{"key":"ref42","article-title":"Fatf report: Virtual currencies key definitions and potential aml\/cft risks","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","article-title":"Coinmixer","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref44","article-title":"Alphabay","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref45","article-title":"Ohio resident pleads guilty to operating darknet-based Bitcoin mixer that laundered over ${\\$}$300 million","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTC.2018.8539548"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3205230.3205234"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24907-6_20"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3226758"},{"key":"ref50","article-title":"Italian police shut down darkweb Berlusconi market and arrested admins","author":"Paganini","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref51","article-title":"Double blow to dark web marketplaces","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66172-4_29"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2021.665399"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449880"},{"key":"ref55","article-title":"Toward understanding the relationship between Bitcoin mixing services and circular transactions","volume-title":"Proc. 26th Pacific Asia Conf. Inf. Syst.","author":"Liu","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/blc2.12036"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsidi.2023.301614"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES54183.2022.9835984"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESIC53714.2022.9783490"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData55660.2022.10020982"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2021.3049278"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2023.3275158"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-021-02453-9"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPCCC59175.2023.10253883"},{"key":"ref65","article-title":"Bitcoin","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2023.3344158"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3441692"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2022.3210537"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSE.2021.3116243"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718"},{"key":"ref71","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2025.3629834"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316481"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2842460"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11390-020-9638-7"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64322-8_6"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2021.100394"},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"4073","article-title":"Parallelizing universal atomic swaps for multi-chain cryptocurrency exchanges","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur. Symp.","author":"Xiao","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.127674"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"1","article-title":"Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks","volume-title":"Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Kipf","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Graph attention networks","volume-title":"Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Learn. Representations","author":"Velickovic","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313562"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380027"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/6488902\/11264281\/11393944.pdf?arnumber=11393944","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T19:59:34Z","timestamp":1773086374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11393944\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":83,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnse.2026.3664284","relation":{},"ISSN":["2327-4697","2334-329X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2327-4697","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2334-329X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}