{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:27:01Z","timestamp":1790702821442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G2021KY05101, 2021-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G2021KY05101, 2021-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021A1515110286, 2021-2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515110286, 2021-2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010228","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022JQ-639"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022JQ-639"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010228","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Federal Highway Administration grant: \u201cArtificial Intelligence Enhanced Integrated Transportation Management System\u201d","award":["2020-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnsm.2022.3176607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T15:32:33Z","timestamp":1653060753000},"page":"2972-2986","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["A Hierarchical and Location-Aware Consensus Protocol for IoT-Blockchain Applications"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2091-2771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &#x0026; Development Institute, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4482-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications and Networking, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2231-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00030"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169448"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2961187"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Secure and efficient data sharing among vehicles based on consortium blockchain","author":"cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.3033532"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3390566.3391674"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2019.2920001"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TETC.2020.3005610"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05427-8"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2021.3079201"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain.2019.00015"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3002712"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC48266.2020.9169395"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS47924.2020.00074"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"258","article-title":"Proofs of work and bread pudding protocols","author":"jakobsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc IFIP TC6\/TC11 Joint Workshop Conf Secure Inf Netw Commun Multimedia Security"},{"key":"ref14","author":"vasin","year":"2014","journal-title":"BlackCoin&#x2019;s proof-of-stake protocol v2"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"173","article-title":"Practical Byzantine fault tolerance","volume":"99","author":"castro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc OSDI"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"305","article-title":"In search of an understandable consensus algorithm","author":"ongaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc USENIX Annu Techn Conf (USENIX ATC)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3293611.3331591"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2969706"},{"key":"ref19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proof-of-Stake&#x2014;Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45748-8_24","article-title":"The sybil attack","author":"douceur","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Int Workshop Peer-to-Peer Syst"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.09.019"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2904303"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3077276"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","author":"wood","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ethereum project"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3016025"},{"key":"ref5","article-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"nakamoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Decentralized Bus Rev"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3029512"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HotICN50779.2020.9350858"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"335","article-title":"The chubby lock service for loosely-coupled distributed systems","author":"burrows","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Symp Oper Syst Des Implementation"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC51069.2021.9461116"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1243418.1243426"},{"key":"ref46","author":"ongaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Consensus Bridging theory and practice"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2020.3042392"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS47774.2020.00137"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"18","article-title":"Paxos made simple","volume":"32","author":"lamport","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM SIGACT News"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/978\/1\/012116"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2019.1900002"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2020.3047487"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"PaLa: A simple partially synchronous blockchain","author":"chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol ePrint Arch"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3025247"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3035918.3064033"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2004.1311900"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2020.3048822"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2020.3030605"},{"key":"ref25","article-title":"A survey on consortium blockchain consensus mechanisms","author":"yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv 2102 12058"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4275028\/9917435\/09779397.pdf?arnumber=9779397","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,14]],"date-time":"2022-10-14T13:59:24Z","timestamp":1665755964000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9779397\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnsm.2022.3176607","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-4537","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-7379","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}}}