{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:07:11Z","timestamp":1772824031251,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw. Serv. Manage."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/tnsm.2025.3570017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T13:32:31Z","timestamp":1747229551000},"page":"3403-3418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["LLNet: An Intent-Driven Approach to Instructing Softwarized Network Devices Using a Small Language Model"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Angi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2835-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3588-9367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guido","family":"Marchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAUIN, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371934.3371965"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3626111.3628183"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2022.3192305"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098822.3098834"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3059647"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"609","article-title":"Net2Text: Query-guided Summarization of network forwarding Behaviors","volume-title":"Proc. 15th USENIX Symp. Netw. Syst. Design Implement. (NSDI)","author":"Birkner"},{"key":"ref7","article-title":"LLAMA: Open and efficient foundation language models (2023)","author":"Touvron","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2302.13971"},{"key":"ref8","article-title":"GPT-4 technical report","volume-title":"arXiv:2303.08774","author":"Achiam","year":"2023"},{"issue":"240","key":"ref9","first-page":"1","article-title":"PaLM: Scaling language modeling with pathways","volume":"24","author":"Chowdhery","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3695988"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3641289"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPSR62440.2024.10635926"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/cnsm59352.2023.10327837"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"GeNet: A multimodal LLM-based co-pilot for network topology and configuration","author":"Ifland","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.08249"},{"key":"ref15","article-title":"Making network configuration human friendly","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2309.06342"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2024.3420120"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft60951.2024.10588881"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.001.2300313"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Tinystories: How small can language models be and still speak coherent English?","author":"Eldan","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2305.07759"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445922"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"441","article-title":"QLoRA: Efficient finetuning of quantized LLMs","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. (NeurIPS)","volume":"36","author":"Dettmers"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2022.3215919"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"625","article-title":"Hey, LUMI! Using natural language for intent-based network management","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Annu. Tech. Conf. (USENIX ATC)","author":"Jacobs"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft57336.2023.10175400"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft57336.2023.10175491"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-naacl.39"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.17.24305971","volume-title":"Can large language models provide emergency medical help where there is no ambulance? a comparative study on large language model understanding of emergency medical scenarios in resource-constrained settings","author":"Mensah","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref28","article-title":"Large language models for zero touch network configuration management","author":"Lira","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2408.13298"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NetSoft60951.2024.10588879"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM62983.2024.10814407"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Prose-to-P4: Leveraging high level languages","author":"Dumitru","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2406.13679"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3656296"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Who answers it better? An in-depth analysis of ChatGPT and stack overflow answers to software engineering questions","author":"Kabir","year":"2023","journal-title":"arXiv:2308.02312"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NETSOFT.2019.8806662"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0199835"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/ARXIV.1706.03762"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.emnlp-main.64"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"24824","article-title":"Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"35","author":"Wei"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.acl-srw.45"},{"key":"ref40","article-title":"The prompt report: A systematic survey of prompting techniques","volume-title":"arXiv:2406.06608","author":"Schulhoff","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1963190.1963191"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15294\/sji.v11i1.48064"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2819-0"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"JsonEditDistanceEvaluator in LangChain","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073135"},{"key":"ref46","first-page":"65","article-title":"METEOR: An automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments","volume-title":"Proc. ACL Workshop Intrinsic Extrinsic Eval. Measures Mach. Transl. Summarization","author":"Banerjee"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2656877.2656890"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOBECOM52923.2024.10901356"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3371038"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"PSA implementation for eBPF backend.","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"eBPF backend","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555050.3569117"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Artificial analysis\u2014Gemini 1-pro vs LLAMA3-instruct-8b.","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref54","volume-title":"Ollama. (v0.3.12)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59287\/icaens.1127"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Chatito","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCN.2021.000011"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijoe.v18i04.25641"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TR.2023.3335969"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"43136","article-title":"Fairness-guided few-shot prompting for large language models","volume-title":"Proc. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst.","volume":"36","author":"Ma"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-3601-0_12"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2024.findings-emnlp.432"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3427369"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3571730"},{"key":"ref65","volume-title":"Vertex AI pricing","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref66","volume-title":"Artificial analysis\u2014LLAMA3-instruct-8B prices","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref67","first-page":"21","article-title":"Cost-effective hyperparameter optimization for large language model generation inference","volume-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Autom. Mach. Learn.","author":"Wang"},{"key":"ref68","article-title":"Contextual temperature for language modeling","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"arXiv:2012.13575"},{"key":"ref69","article-title":"Thermometer: Towards universal calibration for large language models","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2403.08819"},{"key":"ref70","volume-title":"Langchain chatgooglegenerativeai","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2024.01.067"},{"key":"ref72","article-title":"Cooperate or collapse: Emergence of sustainability behaviors in a society of LLM agents","author":"Piatti","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2404.16698"},{"key":"ref73","article-title":"The price of prompting: Profiling energy use in large language models inference","author":"Husom","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv:2407.16893"},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Scaphandre (v1.0)","author":"Petit","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref75","volume-title":"Phi-3 pricing","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref76","article-title":"Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone","volume-title":"arXiv:2404.14219","author":"Abdin","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/4275028\/11118327\/11003942.pdf?arnumber=11003942","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T17:44:49Z","timestamp":1754588689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11003942\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/tnsm.2025.3570017","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-4537","2373-7379"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-4537","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2373-7379","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}}}