{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T20:29:38Z","timestamp":1776112178017,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Program","award":["JCYJ20210324120214040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120214040"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Research Council","award":["2020B1515120064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1515120064"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61733011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61733011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62003222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62003222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Haptics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/toh.2022.3170723","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T19:46:06Z","timestamp":1651088766000},"page":"464-478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Electrotactile Perception Properties and Its Applications: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2884-2341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yicheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9379-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinbiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1215-7086","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5794-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Robotics and systems, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395555"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.803563"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.aap9770"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-020-00571-2"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2955648"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2011.39"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2017.2702628"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2008.925072"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IR-11-2018-0230"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12541-012-0270-5"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10798587.2000.10642851"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2009.5354057"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2021.3070867"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCAR.2016.7784052"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2012.07.010"},{"key":"ref21","article-title":"A simulation environment for studying transcutaneous electrotactile stimulation","volume":"14","author":"illan","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"83","article-title":"Psychophysical evaluation of receptor selectivity in electro-tactile display","volume":"13","author":"kajimoto","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc 13th Int Symp Meas Control Robot"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NER.2015.7146670"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"427","article-title":"Form perception with a 49-point electrotactile stimulus array on the tongue: A technical note","volume":"35","author":"rita","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Develop"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"2941","article-title":"Dynamically characterizing bioimpedance of fingertip skin through a developed CVD based electrotactile rendering system","author":"shen","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE Annu Int Conf Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2015.2478153"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.788470"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02407767"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211869"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-018-5229-z"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aabc9a"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.10.014"},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24200\/sci.2017.4489"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2011.6095110"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2012.2199491"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1039-4"},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-006-0800-4"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2007.11.049"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0768-9"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02584538"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02409338"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MESA.2012.6275558"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2015.2412942"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2016.2605084"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02371250"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.10.951"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1985.325561"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2009.5334556"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195173154.001.0001"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/86.895953"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.131.3413.1583"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMUL.2006.69"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2011.56"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.06.016"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00207458309148642"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS.2018.8357157"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176720"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2019.2956836"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03202013"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03204134"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00186"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220903158797"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BIBE.2015.7367711"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"22","article-title":"Perceptual attributes of cutaneous electrical stimulation to provide sensory information for prosthetic limb","author":"wang","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 3rd Int Conf Inf Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198610000-00008"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1320475"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.428054"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399703"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02367409"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-028826-0.50030-5"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2021.1863782"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2007.903942"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353166"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1982.324948"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2984534"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1594.2000.06569.x"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS.2016.7759191"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03208061"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299964"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00555"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-017-0036-1"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01845-0_185"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HAPTICS45997.2020.ras.HAP20.13.8ee5dc37"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2018.2842746"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-015-0022-8"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.03.030"},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2020.11.007"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-2007-172-307","article-title":"Efficacy of electrotactile vestibular substitution in patients with peripheral and central vestibular loss","volume":"17","author":"danilov","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vestibular Res"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635203000263"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08990220701637232"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2010.04.012"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2003.816874"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14064-8_40"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IROS40897.2019.8967906"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59102-3"},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1808-86942011000300014"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2580905"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2012-00813"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-97"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.03.018"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TOH.2019.2950625"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215110000873"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-014-3908-y"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.03768.x"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.displa.2007.07.003"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"4811","article-title":"Preliminary study on electrotactile sensitivity of the lips","volume":"2","author":"liu","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 26th Annu Int Conf Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260826"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.10.013"},{"key":"ref109","first-page":"3717","article-title":"Tactile presentation to the back of a smartphone with simultaneous screen operation","author":"khurelbaatar","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc CHI Conf Human Factors Comput Syst"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/4\/046014"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2559206.2581164"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/5\/056010"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2004.1320198"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22879-2_29"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2002.1053364"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/ejtm.2016.6069"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ATC.2013.6698183"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICARM.2018.8610836"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3282f2a63"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/13\/5\/056015"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2005.862696"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327590IJHC1502_6"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21041332"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"11","article-title":"Forehead electro-tactile display for vision substitution","author":"kajimoto","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc Eurohaptics"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-42321-0_47"},{"key":"ref98","first-page":"3869","article-title":"An experimental protocol for evaluating pulse width modulation ranges of evoked tactile sensory feedback in amputees","volume":"2020","author":"fei","year":"0","journal-title":"Proc IEEE 42nd Annu Int Conf Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3104.620"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2550864"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8856508"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WHC49131.2021.9517195"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2008.08.004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202008805"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.36227\/techrxiv.14588250.v1","article-title":"Electrotactile feedback for hand interactions: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and future directions","author":"kourtesis","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.68204"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2011.08.020"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17434440.2016.1237287"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.09.035"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129065716500064"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/9\/4\/045007"},{"key":"ref17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation","volume":"3","author":"vallbo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hum Neurobiol"},{"key":"ref81","author":"boring","year":"1942","journal-title":"Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-200011000-00002"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2020.07.001"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808-00002542"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Electro-tactile display with tactile primary color approach","author":"kajimoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Graduate Sch of Inf Sci & Technol"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-10-2019-0255"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260380"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.2018.8346576"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RCAR.2016.7784012"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6488-5_2"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6611022"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.392009"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2018.2882465"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.397754"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399715"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3301.195"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186106"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.09.002"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S91102"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640600994581"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Haptics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx7\/4543165\/9904514\/09764617.pdf?arnumber=9764617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T01:01:51Z","timestamp":1667523711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/9764617\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/toh.2022.3170723","relation":{},"ISSN":["1939-1412","2329-4051","2334-0134"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1939-1412","type":"print"},{"value":"2329-4051","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2334-0134","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}}}