{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:59:39Z","timestamp":1785441579417,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/Xplorehelp\/downloads\/license-information\/IEEE.html"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["CNS-2246050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-2246050"]}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["112-2628-E-A49-016-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2628-E-A49-016-MY3"]}]},{"name":"National Artificial Intelligence Research Resource","award":["NAIRR240456"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAIRR240456"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IEEE Trans. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.1109\/ton.2026.3710469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T19:43:53Z","timestamp":1783453433000},"page":"6348-6363","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When Mobile Equipment Security Lags Behind Infrastructure: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Countermeasures in IMS Services"],"prefix":"10.1109","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9635-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingwen","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5059-2302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0565-7223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guan-Hua","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1309-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University","place":["Logan, UT, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8790-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiwen","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC)","place":["Baltimore, MD, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0265-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man-Hsin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"department":["Department of Computer Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3645-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitian","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michigan State University","place":["East Lansing, MI, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-6801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"department":["Department of Computer Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2945-4981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University","place":["West Lafayette, IN, USA"],"department":["Department of Computer Science"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"263","reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"20 Android Statistics in 2024 (Market Share and Users)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Federal Phone Call Recording Law.","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"RCS Universal Profile Service Definition Document","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"srsRAN 4G With ZMQ Virtual Radios","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"TC-FW(8)\u2014Linux Manual Page","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref6","volume-title":"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"OpenCelliD API","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Kingroot","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"TS 23.125: Overall High Level Functionality and Architecture Impacts of Flow Based Charging"},{"key":"ref10","volume-title":"TS 23.228: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref11","volume-title":"TS 24.008: Mobile Radio Interface Layer 3 Specification; Core Network Protocols","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref12","volume-title":"TS 24.229: IP Multimedia Call Control Protocol Based on Tiation Protocol (SIP) and Session Description Protocol (SDP)","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"TS 24.341: Support of SMS Over IP Networks","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref14","volume-title":"TS 26.139: Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)\/RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Verification Procedures","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"TS 33.250: Security Assurance Specification for the PGW Network Product Class","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"TS 33.401: 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE); Security Architecture","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"TS 23.003: Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Numbering, Addressing and Identification","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref18","volume-title":"TS33.328: IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Media Plane Security","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"TS24.011: Point-to-Point (PP) Short Message Service (SMS) Support on Mobile Radio Interface","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref20","volume-title":"TS 23.203: Policy and Charging Control Architecture","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref21","volume-title":"TS 29.228: IP Multimedia (IM) Subsystem Cx and Dx Interfaces; Signalling Flows and Message Contents","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref22","volume-title":"3GPP, 3G Security; Security Architecture","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref23","volume-title":"TS 33.203: 3G Security; Access Security for IP-Based Services (Release 17)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"3GPP, Network Domain Security (NDS); IP Network Layer Security","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"TS 33.501: Security Architecture and procedures for 5G System (Release 18)","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","volume-title":"TS 32.298: Telecommunication Management; Charging Management; Charging Data Record (CDR) Parameter Description","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"3GPP2 C.S0015-A: Short Message Service (SMS) for Wideband Spread Spectrum Systems Release A","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274694.3274753"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3564625.3568000"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3607199.3607203"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RASSE53195.2021.9686840"},{"key":"ref32","volume-title":"Combain","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241573"},{"key":"ref34","volume-title":"Android Security Paper","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Rich Communication Suite","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref36","volume-title":"IMS Profile for Voice and SMS","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3495243.3560534"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813718"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3307334.3328572"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813618"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372224.3380885"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102422"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17487\/RFC8415"},{"key":"ref44","volume-title":"PCAPdroid","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.428"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.070813.00214"},{"key":"ref47","volume-title":"PeopleLooker","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref48","volume-title":"QXDM Professional Tool Quick Start","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Video Calling Demand Booms During Pandemic","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"Internet Protocol","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Call me maybe: Eavesdropping encrypted LTE calls with ReVoLTE","volume-title":"Proc. USENIX Secur.","author":"Rupprecht"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS59707.2023.10288900"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Srsue","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref54","first-page":"1327","article-title":"SFADS: A SIP flooding attack detection scheme with the internal and external detection features in IMS networks","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Internet Technol."},{"key":"ref55","first-page":"1","article-title":"What drives SMiShing susceptibility? a U.S. interview study of how and why mobile phone users judge text messages to be real or fake","volume-title":"Proc. SOUPS","author":"Tabassum"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978393"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3447993.3483239"},{"key":"ref58","volume-title":"Steganography","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref59","volume-title":"STIR\/SHAKEN","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Darwin (Operating System)","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"IOS","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref62","volume-title":"Qualcomm MSM Interface","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref63","volume-title":"Magisk","author":"Wu","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CNS.2018.8433136"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2020.2995509"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185448.2185465"}],"container-title":["IEEE Transactions on Networking"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/ielam\/10723154\/11317935\/11598754-aam.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/xplorestaging.ieee.org\/ielx8\/10723154\/11317935\/11598754.pdf?arnumber=11598754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:07:52Z","timestamp":1785438472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/11598754\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":66,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ton.2026.3710469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2998-4157"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2998-4157","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}